1) Which subsystem includes all the gases surrounding Earth, such as nitrogen and oxygen? a) Atmosphere b) Biosphere 2) The crust, mantle, and core are parts of which subsystem? a) Geosphere b) Cryosphere 3) All living organisms on Earth belong to the: a) Geosphere b) Biosphere 4) The subsystem that contains all forms of water (liquid, solid, gas) is the: a) Lithosphere b) Hydrosphere 5) Frozen water such as glaciers and ice caps form the a) Cryosphere b) Thermosphere 6) The layer where all weather occurs is the: a) Mesosphere b) Troposphere 7) The ozone layer is located in the a) Stratosphere b) Troposphere 8) Which process drives the water cycle? a) Earth’s internal heat b) Solar energy 9) Which gas makes up most of the atmosphere? a) Carbon Dioxide b) Nitrogen 10) When plant roots break rocks apart, it shows an interaction between: a) Biosphere and Geosphere b) Hydrosphere and Cryosphere 11) The layer that contains solid rocks and minerals is the: a) Geosphere b) Biosphere 12) Water vapor condensing to form clouds is an example of interaction between: a) Geosphere and Biosphere b) Atmosphere and Hydrosphere 13) . The water on Earth that supports life represents the: a) Lithosphere b) Hydrosphere 14) Which subsystem protects Earth from harmful solar radiation? a) Atmosphere b) Biosphere 15) The interaction that causes soil erosion after deforestation involves the: a) Biosphere and Geosphere b) Atmosphere and Cryosphere 16) A system formed by living things interacting with their environment is called an: a) Ecosystem b) Habitat 17) Which of the following is abiotic? a) Soil b) Plants 18) Biodiversity means: a) The number of abiotic factors b) The variety of life in an ecosystem 19) The variations among members of the same species are called: a) Genetic diversity b) Population difference 20) A group of organisms capable of interbreeding is a: a) Habitat b) Species 21) Which biome has extremely low temperatures and no trees? a) Desert b) Tundra 22) Grass-dominated habitats with few trees are called a) Grasslands b) Wetlands 23) Wetlands are areas where: a) Rain never occurs b) Water covers soil part of the yea 24) The main cause of biodiversity loss today is: a) Deforestation and pollution b) Solar flares 25) Which of the following is an effect of environmental degradation? a) Coral bleaching b) Increased biodiversity 26) Which is not a function of natural ecosystems? a) Deforestation b) Climate regulation 27) The living part of an ecosystem is referred to as the: a) Environmental factor b) Biotic component 28) The area where an organism lives is its: a) Habitat b) Ecosystem 29) The transfer of energy from one organism to another through eating is called a: a) Food chain b) Water cycle 30) While hiking, Anna notices that plants around her seem to freshen the air. She remembers that plants help produce oxygen for humans. a) Decomposition b) Photosynthesis 31) During a geology trip, students collected different types of rocks formed from cooling magma, compacted sediments, and heat and pressure. a) Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic b) Basalt, Shale, Marble 32) After a volcanic eruption, lava cools down and turns into solid rock. → What type of process forms this rock a) Magma cools and solidifies b) Rocks are weathered 33) A river carries small rock particles that later settle at the bottom and get pressed together over time. a) Melting and cooling b) Compaction and cementation 34) Deep underground, existing rocks are exposed to extreme heat and pressure, changing their structure. What kind of rock is formed in thiws process?    a) Weathering b) Heat and pressure 35) A geologist examines the texture and origin of different rocks to understand Earth’s formation. What is the study of rocks and their origin called?   a) Petrology b) Mineralogy 36) In a laboratory, a scientist studies different minerals to identify their composition and properties. What is this field of study known as? a) Mineralogy b) Geochemistry 37) When testing a mineral sample, a student scratches it on a ceramic plate to observe the color left behind. What property is being tested? a) Luster b) Streak 38) A jeweler examines how a gemstone reflects light to determine its shine and beauty. What property is the jeweler observing? a) Hardness b) Luster 39) When a mineral sample is hit gently, it splits into smooth, flat surfaces. What property does this demonstrate? a) Cleavage b) Density 40) A student uses a fingernail and a steel nail to test how easily a mineral can be scratched. a) Mohs scale b) Celsius scale 41) Workers dig deep into the ground to extract gold and other valuable minerals. What process are they performing? a) Building structures b) Extracting useful minerals from Earth 42) A mining engineer explains that some mines are dug on the surface, while others go deep underground. a) Surface and underground b) Slope and shaft 43) In a desert area, workers remove layers of soil to collect minerals close to the ground. What kind of mining is being done? a) From underwater zones b) Near the Earth’s surface 44) A large pit is visible where miners are digging to reach minerals deep below the surface a) Open pit mining b) Placer mining 45) In a mountainous region, heavy machinery is used to remove the top of a mountain to access coal underneath. What mining method is this?   a) Mountain-top mining b) Slope mining 46) Before reaching the ore, miners must first remove layers of soil and rocks above it. Which mining method is being described? a) Shaft mining b) Strip mining 47) To reach deep underground deposits, miners dig straight down through a vertical tunnel. What method is used here? a) Shaft mining b) Drift mining 48) A mine engineer designs a tunnel that runs horizontally into the side of a mountain to access minerals. a) Slope mining b) Drift mining 49) Miners build a slanted passage to reach deposits that lie diagonally beneath the ground. a) Slope mining b) Open pit mining 50) After mining activities, nearby rivers become polluted, and animals lose their habitats. What is one major environmental risk of mining? a) Air and water pollution b) Increased biodiversity

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