1) Which enzyme is directly responsible for catalyzing the formation of phosphodiester bonds during DNA synthesis? a) Ligase b) Polymerase c) Primase d) Helicase 2) During pyrimidine biosynthesis, which compound serves as the immediate precursor of uridine monophosphate (UMP)? a) Inosine monophosphate (IMP) b) Orotidine monophosphate (OMP) c) Carbamoyl phosphate d) Cytidine triphosphate (CTP) 3) Which RNA modification stabilizes the tRNA structure and prevents degradation? a) Addition of adenine b) Removal of methyl group c) Addition of methyl group at position 58 d) Substitution of uracil with thymine 4) In eukaryotic DNA replication, what enzyme ensures the complete replication of chromosome ends? a) RNA polymerase b) Topoisomerase c) Telomerase d) Helicase 5) Excessive accumulation of uric acid from purine catabolism primarily causes which disorder? a) Diabetes b) Gout c) Cystic fibrosis d) Albinism 6) Which RNA type directly catalyzes peptide bond formation? a) mRNA b) tRNA c) rRNA d) snRNA 7) Which of the following correctly describes the base-pairing rule in DNA? a) A–G and C–T b) A–T and G–C c) A–C and G–T d) A–U and G–T 8) What structural level of nucleic acid describes the double helix stabilized by hydrogen bonds? a) Primary b) Secondary c) Tertiary d) Quaternary 9) What differentiates RNA from DNA in terms of sugar composition? a) DNA has ribose; RNA has deoxyribose b) RNA has ribose; DNA has deoxyribose c) Both have the same sugar d) DNA has fructose; RNA has ribose 10) What process converts the genetic information in DNA into RNA? a) Translation b) Transcription c) Replication d) Duplication 11) The sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA is linked by which bond? a) Hydrogen bond b) Peptide bond c) Phosphodiester bond d) Glycosidic bond 12) Which base is unique to RNA? a) Thymine b) Adenine c) Cytosine d) Uracil 13) Which RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome? a) rRNA b) tRNA c) mRNA d) siRNA 14) The purine bases include: a) Adenine and Thymine b) Guanine and Cytosine c) Adenine and Guanine d) Cytosine and Uracil 15) The pyrimidine bases are: a) A and G b) C, T, and U c) G and T d) A and C 16) What is the primary function of mRNA? a) Synthesizes proteins directly b) Carries genetic code from DNA to ribosome c) Transports amino acids d) Forms ribosomes 17) Which step of translation involves the recognition of stop codons? a) Initiation b) Elongation c) Termination d) Activation 18) Which process produces two identical DNA molecules from one original molecule? a) Replication b) Translation c) Transcription d) Transformation 19) The molecule that serves as an energy carrier in cellular metabolism is: a) DNA b) ATP c) RNA d) NADH 20) The enzyme responsible for unwinding the DNA helix during replication is: a) Ligase b) Helicase c) Primase d) Gyrase 21) Nucleic acids are made of repeating units called: a) Amino acids b) Nucleotides c) Fatty acids d) Monosaccharides 22) DNA stands for: a) Deoxyribonucleic acid b) Dioxyribonitric acid c) Dioxyribonucleic acid d) Deoxyribonitric acid 23) RNA stands for: a) Ribonitric acid b) Ribonucleic acid c) Ribonic acid d) Ribose amino acid 24) The shape of the DNA molecule is: a) Single helix b) Ladder c) Double helix d) Coil 25) Which base pairs with adenine in DNA? a) Cytosine b) Uracil c) Thymine d) Guanine 26) Which base pairs with adenine in RNA? a) Thymine b) Cytosine c) Uracil d) Guanine 27) The monomer of DNA and RNA is composed of: a) Sugar, base, phosphate b) Amino group, base, sugar c) Phosphate only d) Base only 28) The process of protein formation is called: a) Replication b) Transcription c) Translation d) Mutation 29) What type of RNA is the most abundant in cells? a) mRNA b) rRNA c) tRNA d) snRNA 30) Which process occurs first in gene expression? a) Translation b) Replication c) Transcription d) Termination

GROUP 3 ACTIVITY

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