What is psychology? - The scientific study of behavior and mental processes, What is the purpose of psychology? - To describe, explain, predict, control/change human behavior through methods like observation and scientific experimentation , Wilhelm Wundt - Founded structuralism, opened first psych lab, moved psych from a philosophy to a science because of emphasis on measurement and experimentation, William James - First American psychologist, influenced by Darwin, functionalism, Sigmund Freud - Founded psychoanalysis (psychodynamic theory), John Watson - Behaviorism, studied observable behaviors, learned through behavior & reward, B.F. Skinner - Behaviorism, "Skinner's Box" (the mind is a black box that is irrelevant), Abraham Maslow - Founder of humanistic psychology (Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - people must satisfy things of less importance before higher importance tasks) , Carl Rogers - Founder of humanistic psychology, Ivan Pavlov - Behaviorism, Pavlov's theory - neutral stimulus can be associated with unconditioned stimulus, leading to neutral stimulus giving the same response (classical conditioning), Jean Piaget - Cognitive psychology, founder of child psychology, Piaget's stages of development, Charles Darwin - Evolutionary psychology, natural selection, Lev Vygotsky - Founder of sociocultural psychology, Structuralism - Emphasized basic units of experience (physical sensation, feelings, and memories), and the order and combinations that they happen in (sensations, images, affections), Gestalt psychology - Rejected structuralism, structures have properties that differ from the sum of all their parts, Functionalism - The mind is a complex system, and each part plays an important role in maintaining the stability and function of the whole, Biological perspective - Biological basis of human behavior, thoughts, and emotions (brain, neurotransmitters, hormones, illegal and legal drugs, gender differences in brain structure and function), Evolutionary perspective - Certain behaviors were naturally selected for because of the adaption to the changing environment (different characteristics gave them advantages/disadvantages), Behavioral perspective - We learn observable responses through rewards & punishments. Focuses on the human behavior and how we learn, react, and manipulate our environment, Cognitive perspective - Focuses on the way we think, involves child psychology, Psychodynamic perspective - Abnormal behavior is blamed on unconscious drives & conflicts, often from childhood, Humanistic perspective - Emphasizes finding meaning in life, personal choice, and subjective experience. Views people to their fullest potential and good, Sociocultural persective - People are shaped by social interactions in society (prejudice, first impressions, obedience to authority, etc.),

Psychology Unit 1: Intro to Psychology 2025

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