1) This German meteorologist proposed the hypothesis of continental drift but couldn't identify the mechanism. 2) The name of the supercontinent that existed about 300 million years ago. 3) The hypothesis that states Earth's continents have moved over geologic time relative to each other. 4) The process at mid-ocean ridges where new oceanic crust is formed and pushes older crust aside. 5) The process where one tectonic plate moves under another and sinks into the mantle. 6) A tectonic boundary where two plates move away from each other, creating new crust 7) A tectonic boundary where two plates collide, often forming mountains or trenches. 8) A tectonic boundary where two plates slide past each other horizontally (e.g., San Andreas Fault). 9) An underwater mountain system formed by plate tectonics and the site of seafloor spreading. 10) The circular motion of material in the mantle caused by heat from the core, driving plate movement. 11) A proposed column of hot, solid material rising from deep within the mantle, possibly causing hotspots. 12) The rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle. 13) The viscous, semi-fluid layer of the mantle on which the lithosphere moves. 14) Primary seismic waves that are compressional and can travel through solids and liquids. 15) Secondary seismic waves that are shear waves and cannot travel through liquids. 16) The prevailing cosmological model explaining the origin of the universe from a single point. 17) A vast system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter bound by gravity. 18) A form of matter that does not emit light or energy, inferred from its gravitational effects. 19) A region of spacetime with gravity so intense that nothing, not even light, can escape. 20) The incredibly dense, city-sized remnant of a massive star's core after a supernova. 21) A highly magnetized, rotating neutron star that emits beams of electromagnetic radiation. 22) The powerful and luminous explosion that marks the death of a massive star. 23) A luminous giant star late in its life, of low mass, that has exhausted its core hydrogen. 24) The faint remnant radiation from the Big Bang, filling the entire universe. 25) The observation that galaxies are moving away from us, and the farther they are, the faster they recede. 26) A driving force of plate tectonics where the weight of a subducting plate pulls the rest of the plate behind it. 27) A driving force where the elevated lithosphere at a mid-ocean ridge pushes the plate away due to gravity. 28) The boundary between the Earth's crust and the mantle, identified by a change in seismic wave velocity. 29) A prime example of a mountain range formed by a continent-continent convergent boundary. 30) A major area in the Pacific Ocean basin where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur due to subduction zones. 31) A famous example of a transform boundary located in California. 32) The study of the record of the Earth's magnetic field in rocks, which provided key evidence for seafloor spreading. 33) Sediment deposited by glaciers, whose distribution across southern continents supported continental drift. 34) Wegener's observation that the continents, particularly South America and Africa, seem to fit together like puzzle pieces. 35) The liquid layer of Earth's core, inferred because S-waves cannot travel through it. 36) A type of galaxy with a flat, rotating disk containing spiral arms and a central bulge (e.g., Milky Way). 37) A type of galaxy with a flat, rotating disk containing spiral arms and a central bulge (e.g., Milky Way). 38) A type of galaxy with a smooth, featureless ellipsoidal shape, composed mostly of old stars. 39) An extremely luminous active galactic nucleus, powered by a supermassive black hole, often found at great distances. 40) The Earth-sized remnant of a low-mass star, supported by electron degeneracy pressure. 41) The stable stage in a star's life where it fuses hydrogen into helium in its core. 42) The process that creates new atomic nuclei from pre-existing nucleons (protons and neutrons), occurring in stars and the Big Bang. 43) The point of no return around a black hole, from which nothing can escape. 44) A theory that proposes that certain features of the universe and living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process. 45) A theory of origin based on a literal interpretation of religious texts. 46) A lowland region that forms where Earth's tectonic plates move apart, like the one in East Africa. 47) A curved chain of volcanoes formed at an oceanic-oceanic convergent boundary (e.g., Japan). 48) The type of crust that is thinner, denser, and primarily composed of basalt 49) The type of crust that is thicker, less dense, and primarily composed of granite. 50) Wegener's evidence for continental drift that included identical plant and animal fossils found on now-separated continents.

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