block grant - federal money given to the states with broad spending guidelines, allowing states flexibility in how to use the funds., categorical grants - Federal money provided to states for a specific, narrowly defined purpose (e.g., education, highways), concurrent powers - Powers shared by both the federal and state governments (e.g., taxing, law enforcement), cooperative federalism - A system in which the federal and state governments work together to solve problems; sometimes called "marble cake federalism.", devolution - The transfer of power and responsibilities from the federal government back to the states, exclusive powers - Powers that only the federal government can exercise (e.g., coining money, declaring war), extradition - The constitutional requirement that a state must return a person accused or convicted of a crime back to the state where the crime was committed, federalism  - the division of power between central government and regional governments , federal grants - Funds provided by the federal government to state or local governments for specific programs or projects, fiscal federalism - The financial relationship between the federal and state governments, often involving grants, mandates, and funding incentives, full faith and credit clause - A clause in the Constitution (Article IV) requiring states to recognize public records, acts, and judicial decisions of other states, grant-in-aid programs - Federal money given to state or local governments for specific projects or programs., mandates - Federal requirements that states must follow, sometimes funded (money provided) or unfunded (no money provided), strings - Conditions or requirements attached to federal grants that states must meet to receive the funds, supremacy clause - Article VI of the Constitution, which establishes that the Constitution and federal laws are the "supreme law of the land," taking priority over conflicting state laws, commerce clause - Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution, giving Congress the power to regulate trade among the states and with foreign nations, dual federalism - A system in which state and federal governments remain separate in their own spheres of authority; often called "layer cake federalism.", enumerated powers - Powers specifically listed in the Constitution as belonging to the federal government, 14th amendment - guarantees citizenship, equal protection under the law, and due process, significantly expanding federal power over states, implied powers - Powers not explicitly stated in the Constitution but assumed through the Necessary and Proper Clause., necessary and proper clause (elastic clause) - allows Congress to make laws needed to carry out its enumerated powers, selective exclusiveness - A doctrine that only Congress may regulate when the subject requires a uniform national rule, while states may regulate local matters, 10th amendment  - reserves powers not delegated to the federal government to the states or people, reinforcing federalism,

Unit 1, Chapter 3 Vocab 2025-26

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