Upwelling: Movement of water from deep layer up into mixed layer, Caused by water being forced upwards by underwater ridges, volcanoes, or coastal winds, Deep cold water is forced up when it runs into underwater land masses, Coastal winds cause Ekman transport of water away from the coast pulling water up from below, Water enters the mixed layer and starts to warm up decreasing its density and keeping it in the mixed layer, Downwelling: Movement of water from mixed layer down into deep layer, Caused by water becoming more dense and sinking, Brine exclusion from sea ice freezing, Cold winds and dry air at poles increase evaporation, Cold temperatures at poles make ocean water colder and more dense,

Drivers of Thermohaline Current

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