Cenozoic Era - The most recent geological era, beginning about 66 million years ago and continuing to the present, marked by the rise of mammals, birds, and flowering plants after the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs., Cretaceous - The final period of the Mesozoic Era, spanning roughly 145 to 66 million years ago, known for high sea levels, warm climate, and ending with the mass extinction that wiped out the dinosaurs., Demise - The end, failure, or death of something; in scientific contexts, often used to describe the extinction or disappearance of a species or system., Sediment - Particles of rock, minerals, or organic material that settle out of water, wind, or ice and accumulate in layers, eventually forming sedimentary rock., Ocean basins - Large depressions in Earth’s surface that hold the oceans, shaped by tectonic processes such as seafloor spreading and subduction., Torrid - Extremely hot and dry; in climate science, refers to regions near the equator with intense heat., Frigid - Extremely cold; in geography and climatology, used for polar regions or conditions near freezing., Fluctuation - Irregular variation or change in level, amount, or condition over time, often used in relation to climate, population, or other measurable data., Insufficient - Not enough to meet a need, requirement, or desired effect., Inhibit - To slow, prevent, or limit a process or action., Eradicate - To completely remove or destroy something, leaving no trace., Invertebrate - An animal without a backbone, such as insects, mollusks, or jellyfish., Brine - Water saturated with salt; in geology and oceanography, often refers to concentrated seawater in restricted basins., Silt - Fine sediment particles, smaller than sand but larger than clay, often deposited by rivers or in calm waters., Deluge - A large, sudden flood; figuratively, an overwhelming amount of something., Faulting - The fracturing and displacement of Earth’s crust along a fault due to tectonic forces., Evaporation - The process by which a liquid turns into a vapor, usually driven by heat or reduced pressure., Salinity - The concentration of dissolved salts in water, typically measured in parts per thousand (ppt).,

Geology vocabulary

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