Binary fission - A form of asexual reproduction in which one cell divides to form two identical cells., Budding - When a new organism grows out of the parent's body of a parent., Fragmentation - A means of asexual reproduction whereby a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into whole new individuals., Parthenogenesis - A type of asexual reproduction in which a new individual develops from an unfertilized egg, Nuclear transfer cloning - The nucleus from a somatic cell is removed and placed into an enucleated egg, which develops into a clone of the somatic cell donor., Embryo splitting - A form of cloning that is accomplished by dividing a growing embryo into equal parts using a surgical procedure performed with the aid of a microscope, Fertilisation - The fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote, Zygote - A diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum., Prophase I - The chromosomes condense, and the nuclear envelope breaks down. Synapsis occurs as homologous chromosomes pair up and crossing-over occurs., Metaphase I - Pairs of homologous chromosomes move to the equator of the cell., Anaphase I - Homologous chromosomes move to the opposite poles of the cell., Telophase I - A nuclear membrane forms around each cluster of chromosomes, Crossing over - A process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis, Synapsis - The pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis, Recombinant chromosomes - A chromosome created when crossing over combines the DNA from two parents into a single chromosome., Bivalent - The structure formed by the pair of homologous chromosomes during crossing over. It is also called a tetrad because it consists of four chromatids., Independent assortment - The random distribution of pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes, Haploid - A cell having only one complete set of chromosomes., Diploid - A cell containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent., Vegetative propagation - A form of asexual reproduction in which plants produce genetically identical offshoots (clones) of themselves, which then develop into independent plants.,

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