1) What does the birth rate refer to? a) Deaths per thousand people b) Births per thousand people c) Population growth rate d) Life expectancy 2) The total fertility rate (TFR) is: a) The average number of children a woman has b) The number of deaths per year c) The age-specific mortality rate d) The number of working women 3) Which country implemented a one-child policy in the 1980s? a) India b) Thailand c) Singapore d) China 4) Which factor lowers fertility rates through improved job opportunities and empowerment? a) Tax penalties b) Women’s education c) Public health campaigns d) Religious restrictions 5) In Singapore’s 1970s population policy, the government: a) Favored small families through incentives b) Provided incentives for more children c) Promoted sterilization d) Used coercion to reduce births 6) The female availability effect refers to: a) Women’s lower income b) Gender inequality in workforce c) Lack of women’s education d) More women joining labor force due to fewer children 7) What is a common indirect cost of childbearing? a) Healthcare bills b) School materials c) Time and wages forgone by a parent d) Toys and clothing 8) Rapid population growth can increase: a) Per capita GDP b) Health spending per child c) Resource availability d) Environmental degradation 9) Which of the following countries had slow fertility declines due to religious influence and low budget? a) Malaysia b) Philippines c) Thailand d) Indonesia 10) Which stage in the demographic transition features a drop in death rates but high birth rates? a) Stage 1 b) Stage 2 c) Stage 3 d) None 11) In agrarian societies, the opportunity cost of childbearing is high. a) True b) False 12) Better women’s education tends to decrease fertility rates. a) True b) False 13) The demographic transition model has four stages. a) True b) False 14) Population growth always leads to lower standards of living. a) True b) False 15) Larger families often result in less spending per child on health and education. a) True b) False 16) Term for the average number of years a person is expected to live. a) Life expectancy b) none 17) Country that used economic incentives and disincentives to encourage a two-child policy. a) Singapore b) none 18) Effect in which more women join the labor force due to fewer children. a) Female availability effect b) none 19) Policy that penalized families in China for having more than one child. a) One-child policy b) none 20) Theory that explains fertility in terms of costs and benefits of having children. a) Microeconomic theory of fertility b) none

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