transverse waves - the oscillations are perpendicular to the energy transfer , longitudinal waves - the oscillations are parallel to the energy transfer , amplitude - maximum displacement of a point on a wave from its undisturbed position , frequency - number of waves passing a fixed point per second., period - time taken for one complete wave to pass a fixed point, wavelength - distance from one point on a wave to the equivilant point on the next wave , wavespeed - distance travelled by each wave per second, and the speed at which energy is transferred by the wave , absorption - the energy of the waves is transferred to the energy stores of the substance they travel into, reflection - the waves bounce back , refraction - the waves change speed and direction as they cross the boundary , transmission - the waves carry on moving once theyve crossed the boundary, but may be refracted , electromagnetic spectrum - they are all transverse and travel at the same velocity (3 x 10^8 m/s), radio waves - used for television and radio signals, can penetrate the body and cause internal heating, microwaves - used for satellite communications and cooking food, can penetrate the body and cause internal heating , infared radiation - used for electrical heaters, cooking food and infared cameras , can damage or kill skin cells due to heating , visible light - used for fibre optic communications, can damage the retina, ultra violet (UV) - used in energy efficient light and sun tanning,can damage skin cell, causing skin to age prematurely and increasing the risk of skin cancer  , x-rays and gamma rays - used for medical imaging and treatments, form of ionising radiation- can damage or kill cells, cause mutation of genes, and lead to cancers ,

waves combined physics paper 2

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