Atom - The basic unit of all matter; tiny particles that make up substances., Matter - Anything that has mass and takes up space., Particle Model - A way of explaining matter using tiny moving particles (atoms or molecules)., Heat - The transfer of thermal energy between substances due to temperature difference., Temperature - A measure of the average kinetic energy (movement) of particles in a substance., Conduction - Heat transfer through direct contact in solids., Convection - Heat transfer in fluids (liquids/gases) through rising warm and sinking cool particles., Radiation - Heat transfer through electromagnetic waves, without needing a medium., Medium - A substance (solid, liquid, or gas) through which energy can travel., Vacuum - A space with no particles or matter; electromagnetic waves can still travel through it., Insulation - A material that reduces the flow of energy (can refer to either or both heat and electricity)., Thermal Energy - The total kinetic energy of particles in a substance, felt as heat., Electricity - The movement or flow of electric charge, usually through a wire., Current - The continuous flow of electric charge in a circuit, measured in amperes (amps)., Static Electricity - A buildup of electric charge on the surface of an object., Electron - A negatively charged subatomic particle involved in electricity., Conductor - A material that allows electric current or heat to pass through easily., Cell (Electrical) - A device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy; one power source unit., Battery - Two or more cells connected together to provide more energy., Circuit - A closed path in which electric current flows., Series Circuit - A circuit where all components are in one loop; current flows through all parts., Parallel Circuit - A circuit with multiple branches; current can flow through separate paths., Lamp (or Light bulb) - A component that lights up when current passes through it., Resistor - A component that reduces the size of the electric current by offering resistance., Switch - A component that opens or closes a circuit to control current flow., Wire - A conductor used to connect components in a circuit., Voltage - The electrical pressure or energy difference between two points in a circuit., Resistance - The opposition to the flow of current in a circuit., Amperes (Amps) - The unit for measuring electric current., Ohms - The unit for measuring resistance., Volt - The unit for measuring voltage., Sound Wave - A vibration that travels through a medium and can be heard., Amplitude - The height of a wave; related to volume in sound., Wavelength - The distance between two wave peaks., Frequency - The number of waves that pass a point per second (measured in Hertz)., Hertz (Hz) - The unit for measuring frequency., Longitudinal Wave - A wave where particles vibrate back and forth (e.g., sound)., Transverse Wave - A wave where particles vibrate up and down (e.g., light)., Electromagnetic Radiation - A type of wave made of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that can travel through a medium or a vacuum (e.g., light, microwaves, X-rays)., Visible Light - The part of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can see., Infrared Radiation - A type of electromagnetic wave that carries heat energy., Reflection - When a wave bounces off a surface., Refraction - When a wave bends as it passes from one medium to another.,

Physics Glossary - Heat transfer and Electricity

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