Durkheim - Crime is an inevitable and normal aspect of social life. He pointed out that crime is inevitable in all societies, and that the crime rate was in fact higher in more advanced, industrial societies., Merton - Not all social groups have the same change of achieving the goals set by society (black/minority ethnic, working class) This causes a strain between the goals and the means of achieving them, this can lead to crime., A.Cohen - Many working class youths experience status frustration as they fail at school, can't get good jobs or be economically successful so they suffer in status, Cloward & Ohlin - Working class denied legitimate opportunities to achieve economic success. Parallel set of illegitimate opportunity structures structures develop where legitimate ones don't exist, Miller - Focal concerns of a subculture that doesn't share society's value consensus, Matza - All young people drift in and out of crime and deviance and not all working class youths turn to crime/deviance, Snider - Losses from corporate crime are 20x greater than street crimes, Chambliss - Argues that laws to protect private property are the cornerstone of the capitalist economy > intro of english law into britains east african colonies - local economy wasnt a money economy so introduced tax that had to be paid in cash so the african colonies would work, Pearce - Rich rarely prosecuted for their white collar crimes such as fraud and tax evasion. Selective law enforcement gives us the impression crime is committed by working classes, Gilroy - When black men do break the law it can be viewed as a political act, a fight against a racist white society., Becker - Labelling theory, Lemert - Primary & Secondary deviance, S.Cohen - Mods & Rockers, Moral Panics and Folk Devils, Jock Young - Deviance Amplification Spiral: study of marijuana smoking hippies, Hall - Scapegoating: black muggers, Lea & Young - Identify three relates causes of crime; relative deprivation, subculture and marginalisation, Messerschmidt - Normative masculinity is highly valued by men, Heidensohn - Uses control theory to explain why women are less likely to commit crime, Carlens - For W/C women, crime is a response to the absence of rewards expected through class and gender deals, Winlow - Postmodern masculinity and crime: studied bouncers in Sunderland, working in the pubs and clubs provided the men with paid work and opportunity for illegal business ventures in drugs, tobacco, alcohol and opportunity to demonstrate masculinity through violence, Wilson & Kelling - Broken Windows theory, Cicourel - Police officers' criminal stereotypes led them to concentrate on certain groups, resulting in the law enforcement showing a class bias; policing working class areas and people who fitted their expectations, Braithwaite - Disintegrative and Reintegrative shaming: argues crime rates are lower in societies which use reintegrative society where only the criminal act is shamed (avoids stigmatising), Taylor, Walton and Young - Believe that marxism is too deterministic, they take a voluntaristic view (people choose to commit crime); see crime as a meaningful action and a conscious choice by the actor (strive to change society)., Wilson and Herrnstein - biosocial theory - crime is caused by a combination of biological and social factors, argue main cause of crime is low intelligence - biologically determined through personality traits such as aggressiveness and low impulse control (which lead to an increased risk of offending), Murray - Argues that the crime reate is increasing because of growing underclass or new rabbled who are defined by their deviant behaviour and who fail to socialise their children properly, Clarke - Rational Choice Theory: argues that the decision to commit crime is a choice based on a rational calculation of its consequences, Pollack - Chivalry Thesis: argues men have a protective attitude towards women thus the criminal justice system is more lenient, Adler - Liberation Thesis: argues that as women become more liberated from patriarchy their crimes will become as frequent and as serious as mens - new type of female criminal and rise in female crime rate, Beck - Global Risk Society and Green crime,

Crime studies 1 & 2

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