What was the key research by Memon and Higham (1999)? - Memon and Higham conducted a review of existing studies into the Cognitive Interview (CI) technique. They evaluated the effectiveness of the CI by breaking it down into its components: context reinstatement, report everything, change order, and change perspective. They discussed methodological issues in previous CI research, such as lack of standardisation and differences in interviewer training. The study concluded that context reinstatement was the most consistently effective component., How could Memon and Higham’s study help police collect evidence from witnesses? - The study helps police understand which components of the CI are most effective. For example, it showed that context reinstatement improves recall without increasing false memories. It also highlights that some parts, like changing perspective, may confuse witnesses and could be less useful in practice. Memon and Higham recommend better interviewer training and the use of standardised protocols to improve the reliability of witness statements. This guidance can help police collect more accurate and detailed evidence., What was the key research by Dixon et al. (2002)? - Dixon et al. investigated whether a Birmingham (Brummie) accent affected attributions of guilt. Participants listened to an audio recording of a suspect using either a standard accent or a Brummie accent. They found that Brummie-accented suspects were rated as more guilty, particularly when the crime was “blue-collar” and the suspect had a low status., Dixon - How could this help the police or courts? - This study highlights bias based on accent and perceived social class, which could affect police interviews and courtroom decisions. Police and jurors should receive bias-awareness training to prevent unfair treatment based on how someone sounds, and judges could issue guidance to reduce stereotyping., What was the key research by Wilson and Kelling (1982)? - This was a theoretical article proposing the Broken Windows Theory—that visible signs of disorder (like broken windows, graffiti, or litter) encourage further crime. They argued that maintaining public order (e.g. police foot patrols) would help prevent more serious crimes from happening., Wilson and Kelling - How could this help in policing strategies? - Police forces could use this theory to justify zero-tolerance policing and maintaining order in communities to prevent escalation. It influenced community policing and urban crime reduction policies, suggesting that small crimes shouldn’t be ignored., What was the key research by Haney et al. (1973)? - Haney et al. conducted the Stanford Prison Experiment, where volunteers were randomly assigned to roles of guards or prisoners in a simulated prison environment. The study had to be stopped early due to extreme, abusive behaviour from the guards, showing how situational factors can lead to deindividuation and loss of moral judgement., Haney - How could this help the justice system? - The study shows how the prison environment itself can cause abusive behaviour, even among psychologically stable people. This suggests prisons need stronger supervision, ethical training, and possibly prison reform to reduce the negative psychological impact of incarceration on both guards and inmates., What was the key research by Hall and Player (2008)? - They investigated whether emotional context (i.e., the seriousness of a crime) influenced fingerprint experts’ decisions. Participants were given the same print but told it was from either a low or high-emotion case. Although many said they were not affected, the findings suggest some bias may occur unconsciously., Hall and Player -How could this help forensic procedures? - This study supports the idea that forensic analysis should be blind to crime details when possible, to reduce unconscious bias. Forensic labs might consider “context management” procedures, such as shielding analysts from emotional case information.,

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