Colonial Era (1620–1776): New England Town Meetings – Early self-government, Enlightenment (John Locke – Natural Rights), French and Indian War – Turning point in British-colonial relations, Stamp Act / Declaratory Act, Boston Tea Party / Intolerable Acts, Common Sense – Propaganda for independence, Declaration of Independence – Natural rights justification, Founding Era & Early Republic (1776–1820): Articles of Confederation – Weak central government, Shays’ Rebellion – Catalyst for Constitution, Federalist 47 – Separation of powers, 10th Amendment – Reserved powers to the states, Alien and Sedition Acts – Limited free speech; anti-immigrant sentiment, Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (Jefferson) – Nullification, pro-immigration, Marbury v. Madison – Judicial review established, Sectionalism & Antebellum Era (1820–1860): Manifest Destiny (O’Sullivan) – Ideology of territorial expansion, Compromise of 1850 / Fugitive Slave Act – Tension over slavery in new territories, Dred Scott v. Sandford – Denied citizenship, protected slavery, Indian Removal Act – Justified by “Native happiness,” led to Trail of Tears, The Liberator (Garrison) – Radical abolitionism, Seneca Falls Convention – Start of organized women’s rights movement, Civil War & Reconstruction (1860–1877): Freedmen’s Bureau – Provided aid, faced opposition, Ku Klux Klan Acts (Enforcement Acts) – Federal intervention against racial violence, Election of 1876 / Compromise of 1877 – Ended Reconstruction, weakened civil rights, Plessy v. Ferguson – “Separate but equal” legalized segregation, Gilded Age/ Progressive Era (1877–1920): Reservation Policy / Dawes Act – Assimilation and land loss for Native Americans, Chinese Exclusion Act & Ethnic Neighborhoods – Nativism and cultural isolation, Captains of Industry vs. Labor Unions – Power struggle in industrial economy, Pullman Strike / Eugene Debs – Federal suppression of labor, Gospel of Wealth (Carnegie) – Philanthropy without systemic reform, Populist Party / Omaha Platform – Farmers’ reform agenda, Theodore Roosevelt & Conservation – Federal protection of land, Federal Reserve Act (Wilson) – Regulation of currency and banking, Great Depression 1929-Cold War 1980: New Deal (FDR) – (Deficit Spending) Relief, Recovery, Reform (WPA), WWII Command Economy – Mobilization and rationing, Eisenhower & Vietnam – First U.S. military aid in Indochina, JFK – STEM / Deficit Spending – Investment in science and space, Nixon – EPA – Creation of the Environmental Protection Agency for federal oversight of pollution and conservation, Reagan – New Federalism – Belief in reducing federal power and returning control to states, Arms Race – Military buildup, MAD doctrine, fallout shelters, Cold War consumer products, Globalization & Internet – Expanded global access to information and technology, though inequality remained,

EOC: Chronology Sorting

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