Pathogen - A disease causing organism., Antigen - A substance (usually a protein) on the surface of pathogens, Antibody - A protein made by B cells that binds specifically to an antigen to help neutralize or destroy the pathogen., B cell (B lymphocyte) - A white blood cell that produces antibodies, T cell (T lymphocyte) - A white blood cell that helps regulate immune responses or kills infected cells directly., Memory cell - A long-living B or T cell that remembers a specific pathogen, enabling a faster and stronger response if it returns., Macrophage - A large white blood cell that engulfs and digests pathogens and presents antigens to T cells., Phagocytosis - The process by which a cell (like a macrophage) engulfs and digests foreign particles., Inflammation - A nonspecific response to infection or injury that includes redness, swelling, heat, and pain, aiming to eliminate the cause., Histamine - A chemical released during allergic and inflammatory responses that increases blood flow and permeability., Innate immunity - The non-specific, first-line defense that includes barriers (like skin), phagocytes, and inflammation, Adaptive (specific) immunity - The part of the immune system that targets specific pathogens using B and T cells, and has memory., Vaccine - A preparation that stimulates the production of memory cells to provide immunity without causing disease.,

The Immune System

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