Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll in Photosystem II, Energy excites electrons in the chlorophyll to a higher energy level, Water molecules are split, Electrons, hydrogen ions (H⁺), and oxygen gas (O₂) is produced, The electrons from water replace those lost by Photosystem II, Energy from moving electrons pumps H⁺ ions into the thylakoid space, H⁺ ions flow back into the stroma through ATP synthase, ATP synthase uses the flow of protons to convert ADP and Pi into ATP, Electrons reach Photosystem I and are re-energised by light energy, Re-energised electrons are transferred to NADP⁺ to form NADPH, ATP and NADPH are sent to the Calvin cycle for the next stage of photosynthesis..

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