Muscular system Short term: increase muscle contraction, produce more CO2, produce more lactic acid (in absence of O2), increased temperature, Cardiovascular system Short term: increase HR, increase SV, increase Q, vasodilation in working muscles, vasoconstriction in the digestive system, releasing heat through blood vessels near the skin, Respiratory system Short term: increased respiratory rate, increased TV, increased MV, increased rate of gaseous exchange, Thermoregulation Short term: moving blood to surface of the skin via vasodilation, production of sweat, Muscular-skeletal system Long term: improved muscular strength & endurance, muscle hypertrophy, increased muscle elasticity, increased density and strength of bones, reduced risk of injury due to improved joint stability, Cardiovascular system Long term: cardiac hypertrophy, increased resting SV, increased Q, increased red blood cell count, decreased RHR, capillarisation, increased elasticity of arteries, reduction in blood pressure, Respiratory system Long term: increased lung volume, increased efficiency of gas exchange, increased VO2 max, decreased breathing frequency, increased vital capacity, Health and fitness Long term: train harder for longer, improve overall health, improve overall performance, improve recovery time, improve flexibility & reduced risk of injury, improve self-esteem and self-image,

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