prereading stage - the period from birth to the beginning of formal education, is witness to some of children's most critical developments, including oral language, print awareness, and phonological awareness, Stage 1-decoding stage - covers the period of kindergarten through first grade, when children are about 5–7 years old. During this stage, children begin to decode (or sound out) words by associating letters with corresponding sounds in spoken words, Stage 2-fluency - covers the period of second to third grade, when children are about 7–8 years old. Children start using and understanding more complex words, their reading is more fluent and automatic, Stage 3-reading for info - lasts from grade 4 to grades 8 or 9, when children are about age 9–14 years. In the first phase, Stage 3A (grades 4–6, or ages 9–11 years), children develop the ability to read beyond egocentric purposes so that they can read about and learn conventional information about the world. During stage 3B, children can read on a general adult level, Stage 4-multiple viewpoints - covers the high school period, between ages 14 and 18 years. During this stage, students learn to navigate increasingly difficult concepts and the texts that describe them. Additionally, children are now able to understand things they read from different perspectives, aiding in understanding of a text, Stage 5- construction & reconstruction - occurs from about age 18 on. In this stage, readers read selectively to serve their purposes. They'll chose which sections to read, how much to read and the retention of detail, metalinguistic competence - the ability to think about and analyze language as an object of attention, direct instruction - involves learning the meaning of a word directly from a more knowledgeable source. This source may be another person or a reference such as a dictionary, contextual abstraction - involves using context clues in both spoken and written forms of language to determine the meanings of unfamiliar words, lexical ambiguity - occurs for words and phrases with multiple meanings, such as That was a real bear, in which bear has several meanings,

Chapter 8-Lang. Develop. during school years

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