Paleolithic Era - Also known as the Old Stone Age, the time period from 2 million B.C.E. to about 10,000 B.C.E., characterized by the use of stone tools and nomadic lifestyles., Nomad - A person who lives a nomadic lifestyle, moving from one place to another following food sources, Hunter-Gatherer - One who gets their food by hunting for it and collecting wild fruit, vegetables, and nuts, Neolithic Revolution - Starting in 10,000 BCE, a turning point in history that changed the way Paleolithic people lived their lives. People shifted from hunting and gathering for food to agriculture. Instead of living as nomads, people settled down in permanent settlements., Fertile Crescent - The area of land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Mesopotamia, where the first human civilizations emerged, Agriculture - Farming, Domesticate - To change a wild plant or animal so it can be grown or raised by humans; to tame, Civilization - An advanced state of development of a society as judged by such things as having a system of government and laws, using a written language, and keeping written records, River Valley Civilization - The first civilizations in human history which were located near rivers, also known as river valleys., Mesopotamia - (3500-1650 BCE) A region in the Middle East between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers where the first early river valley civilizations started, Tigris and Euphrates Rivers - Rivers in the Middle East that form the region called Mesopotamia where the first civilizations were established, Code of Hammurabi - A set of laws enacted by Hammurabi, the king of Babylonia around 1772 BC that said punishment should be equal to the crime ("An eye for an eye"), Babylonian Empire - (1895-539 BCE) Empire in Mesopotamia; Hammurabi was one of its rulers, Terrace Farming - The technique of creating flat farmland on a hill by digging into the slope, leveling off a horizontal area, and using the soil that was dug out to support the field by building a wall above it., City-State - Consists of a single city and its surrounding territory. A city-state is small in both geographic area and population, yet it operates as an independent state with its own government, laws, and often a distinct culture.., Assyria - An ancient empire located in the northern part of Mesopotamia, the Assyrian Empire was one of the most powerful and militaristic civilizations of the ancient Near East , Sumer - Ancient civilization located in the southern part of Mesopotamia, known for its contributions to writing, urban development, and governance, Ziggurat - An ancient Mesopotamian temple tower consisting of a lofty pyramidal structure built in successive stages with outside staircases and a shrine at the top; used in religious ceremonies and practices, Cuneiform - A system of writing created in Mesopotamia around 3,000 BCE, Belief System - A set of ideas and practices that help explain the origins of life, what happens after people die, and how to live a good life (note: all religions are belief systems, but not all belief systems are religions), Monotheism - Belief in one god, Polytheism - Belief in many gods, Scribe - A person whose job is to copy letters, books, or other written materials by hand, Indus River Valley - (2500-1700 BCE) An early river valley civilization located in the present-day countries of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and India that included the cities Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, Shaduf - A device used in Ancient Egypt that enabled people to transfer water from a river to their fields, Egyptian Book of the Dead - A description of the ancient Egyptian idea of the afterlife and a collection of hymns, spells, and instructions to guide the dead through the challenges that Egyptians believed they would meet in the afterlife., Innovation - A new method of addressing a problem, Judaism - The world's oldest monotheistic religion which was the basis for both Christianity and Islam, Ten Commandments - The moral code of Judaism and Christianity that according to the Torah was given to Moses by God, Torah - The holy book of Judaism, Ancient Israel - An area described in the Torah that stretched from Egypt to Mesopotamia, but many archaeologists now believe that it was a small state rather than an empire., Babylonian Exile - (597-539 BCE) The period of time when Babylonian Empire, led by King Nebuchadnezzar II, conquered Judah and ordered all Jewish people to leave Jerusalem and live in captivity in Babylon., Qin Shihuang - Reigned from 221 BCE until his death in 210 BCE. Qin Shihuang is best known for consolidating the warring states into one empire, standardizing laws, currencies, weights, measures, and even the written script. His rule marked the beginning of the Qin Dynasty, the first imperial dynasty in China, Irrigation - The act of supplying water to land or crops, Social Class - A grouping of people in a society usually based on wealth, religion, ethnicity, or other factors, Shang China - (3950-1500 BCE) An early river valley civilization in China established on the Huang He (Yellow) River, Dynasty - A series of rulers from the same family or group, Daoism - A philosophical and religious tradition that originated in ancient China, emphasizing living in harmony with the Dao, Legalism - A strict philosophical and political theory which originated in China that emphasizes the need for a powerful, centralized government and strict adherence to laws and regulations., Confucianism  - a philosophical and ethical system based on the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius which emphasizes personal morality, respect for hierarchy, and the importance of family and community. , Mandate of Heaven - A traditional Chinese philosophical concept that legitimizes the rule of an emperor or ruler. It holds that the right to rule is granted by heaven (Divine right to rule), Great Wall - A series of fortifications made of various materials (stone, brick, tamped earth, and wood) that were built across northern China to protect against invasions and raids from nomadic tribes, particularly the Mongols, Filial Piety - a fundamental virtue in Confucianism, emphasizing respect, loyalty, and devotion to one’s parents, elders, and ancestors. It is the duty to honor and care for one's parents throughout their lives, Ancient Egypt - (3000-2000 BCE) An early river valley civilization established on the Nile River, Papyrus - Plant-based material that was used as an ancient writing surface, particularly in Egypt, Hieroglyphics - System of writing used by ancient Egyptians, consisting of pictures and symbols that represent words, sounds, or concepts., Pharaoh - Title given to the monarchs of ancient Egypt, representing the highest authority in the land, both politically and religiously. The pharaoh was considered not only the ruler of Egypt but also the divine messenger between the gods and the people, Mummification - Ancient Egyptian custom of preserving a body after death. Egyptians believed the body needed to remain intact for the soul's journey to the next world., Pyramid - Ancient monumental structures, primarily built as tombs for pharaohs and powerful elites in Ancient Egypt., Nile River - One of the longest rivers in the world, stretching about 4,135 miles through northeastern Africa. The Nile has played an essential role in the development of ancient Egyptian civilization,

Global History Ancient Civilization Review

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