1) What is a hypothesis? a) A confirmed scientific fact b) An educated guess or proposed explanation for a phenomenon c) A method of collecting data d) A result of an experiment 2) What is the null hypothesis (H₀)? a) A hypothesis that there is no significant effect or relationship b) A hypothesis that states there is a significant effect or relationship c) The final conclusion of an experiment d) A statement about the expected result 3) Which of the following is a correct description of the alternative hypothesis (H₁ or Ha)? a) A hypothesis that there is no difference between groups b) A hypothesis that contradicts the null hypothesis c) A method for calculating confidence intervals d) The variable that is manipulated in an experiment 4) In hypothesis testing, what is a p-value? a) The probability that the null hypothesis is true b) The probability of obtaining the observed results if the null hypothesis is true c) The probability that the alternative hypothesis is correct d) The degree of variability in a data set 5) What does it mean to "reject the null hypothesis"? a) There is not enough evidence to support the null hypothesis b) The alternative hypothesis is automatically true c) There is enough evidence to support the null hypothesis d) The null hypothesis is absolutely false 6) What is a Type I error in hypothesis testing? a) Accepting the null hypothesis when it is false b) Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true c) Failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false d) Failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is true 7) Which significance level (α) is commonly used in hypothesis testing? a) 0.01 b) 0.05 c) 0.10 d) 0.50 8) If the p-value is less than the significance level (α), what should you do? a) Fail to reject the null hypothesis b) Reject the null hypothesis c) Increase the sample size d) Adjust the confidence interval 9) What is a two-tailed test? a) A test where the effect could be in either direction b) A test that only considers the possibility of a positive effect c) A test that focuses on minimizing errors d) A test used for large sample sizes 10) What is the purpose of conducting a hypothesis test? a) To prove a hypothesis correct b) To provide evidence for or against a hypothesis c) To determine sample size d) To create new theories

HYPOTHESIS and HYPOTHESIS TESTING

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