Mono- alphabetic substitution cipher; makes use of mapping plaintext characters to graphical characters - Pigpen, A method to scramble text by writing it in a sequence across a number of rails. - Rail Code, Makes use of a grid and which maps the letters into numeric values. - BIFID, 5 × 5 matrix containing the alphabet less the letter J. - Playfair, Encoding method, rather than a cipher, that works by translating characters into sequences of dots (.) and dashes (-) - Morse Code, Mono-alphabetic substitution cipher known as "shift" cipher. Involves plaintext being replaced by a letter some fixed number of positions down the alphabet. i.e., a Caesar Cipher using a shift of +3 would mean a plaintext letter A would result in a ciphertext letter D (a shift of three positions to the right in the alphabet). - Caesar, Polyalphabetic cipher that involves using a different mapping, based on a keyword, for each character of the cipher. An advantage of this type of cipher is that the same plaintext character is likely to be coded to different mappings, depending on the position of the keyword, making guessing more difficult. - Vigenere, Cipher code mapping that is used only once. Advantage is it is essentially unbreakable, disadvantage is it takes lots of work as you'd have to generate the pad to be used, each time. - One Time Pad, Uses four 5 × 5 matrices arranged in a square, are where each matrix contains 25 letters for encoding and decoding operations. - Four-square Cipher, Used a polyalphabetic substitution cipher, which did not repeat within a reasonable time period, along with a secret key. For the cracking of the Enigma cipher, the challenge was thus to determine both the algorithm used and the key. Enigma’s main weakness, though, was that none of the plain text letters could be ciphered as itself. - Enigma Machine,

D334-Chapter 1 Early Cryptosystems Recap

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