1) What is evapotranspiration? a) Transpiration which evaporates b) Water loss which would occur if there was an unlimited supply of water in soil c) Extracting water from rivers d) The combined effects of transpiration and evaporation e) The capacity of rocks to hold water f) The process where trees intercept rain 2) What natural conditions affect erosion in a river? a) Velocity or speed of water b) Load - heavy, sharp load causes more erosion c) Meandering d) Rock type - Solubility of the rock (e.g limestone) e) Type of precipitation f) Deforestation 3) How does the type of vegetation influence a storm hydrograph? a) Indoor house plants increase the interception of precipitation. b) In summer, trees have all of their leaves so interception of precipitation is high. There will be less overland flow and increased lag time as water slowly moves to a river. c) Urban areas have a bigger storm hydrograph because there are no trees. d) Pastureland increases surface run off and there is less lag time for water to reach a river. e) In winter, some trees lose their leaves so interception is low. There is more time for water to reach a river after precipitation. 4) Which features of a river channel are good for agriculture? a) Oxbow lakes b) Waterfalls c) Floodplains d) Braided channels e) Levees f) Deltas 5) What mainly causes a river to recede (move backwards)? a) When there is hard igneous rock on top of soft soluble rock b) Greater erosion due to turbulent water c) Helicoidal flow of water damages rocks  6) What are the advanatages of dams? a) Water for irrigation b) Water losses c) Flood and drought control d) Displacement of population e) Recreation and tourism f) A source for hydro-electric power 7) Why is the recurrence interval important (flooding)? a) It predicts how much preparation a community needs to do before a flood. b) It predicts how much water will be lost from the river during a flood. c) It helps us forecast future floods by telling us how often they occur. 8) Examples of hard engineering to improve flood relief are.... a) Artificial levees b) Afforestation c) Straightening channels d) Dredging rivers e) River restoration 9) What are some causes of deposition? a) Delta formation. b) A decrease in the velocity of the water. c) An increase in the number of catchments. d) A decrease in the volume of water in a river. 10) What is it and what does it show? a) A storm hydrograph showing differences between rural and urban areas. b) A complex river regime showing discharge over time of 2 rivers. c) A graph showing the duration of rainfall over time. 11) Define each of these terms: a) Cavitation b) Stemflow c) Interception d) Infiltration e) Percolation f) Recurrence interval 12) Say whether these are climatological (natural) causes of floods or human-related causes of floods. a) River engineering work (e.g artificial levees) b) Snow melt c) Dam failure due to earthquakes d) Changes in vegetation cover (agriculture) e) Urbanization; impermeable surfaces and sewer systems f) Heavy rainfall for a long period of time

Hydrology and Fluvial Geomorphology Quiz

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