Fabrics - Used to make textile products - most obvious are clothing and furnishings, but there are many others including medical applications, car interiors and engines, road and house building, safety and security products., Fibres - Fine hair-like threads which are the building blocks of fabrics. These are split onto two groups, natural (from plant or animal sources) and synthetic (manufactured from oil-based chemicals) , Staple fibre - Short in length, generally natural fibres with the exception of silk. Staple fibres have to be spun in groups into longer fibres for use., Filament fibre - Very long in length and generally produced from synthetics materials, Natural fibres - Fibres from plant and animal sources, Cotton - Strong, good at absorbing moisture, slow to dry. Can be washed and ironed at high temperatures, crease and shrinks badly unless special finishes are applied. Easy to set alight, so can be dangerous. Used for T-shirts, socks, underwear, denim jeans, bed sheets, nets, medical dressings and nappies., Wool - Soft and warm, comfortable to wear, will not crease easily, water repellent, but also absorbent, slow to dry, shrinks badly without special finishes, does not set alight easily and will put itself out. Used for jumpers, coats, soaks, carpet, tennis balls, pool tables and mattresses., Silk - Fibres have a triangular cross section which makes them soft and smooth and gives luster. Lightweight, absorbent, warm in cold conditions, cool in hot conditions. strong when dry, weak when wet. Natural elasticity so creases badly. Expensive and considered a luxury fibre. Used for evening dresses, ties, lingerie, bedding, wall hangings and parachutes., Synthetic fibres - Manufactured from oil-based chemicals so are not sustainable., Polyester - Very strong and resistant to abrasion, does not absorb water and quick to dry, crease resistant, does not trap air, not warm to wear, will soften and set with heat so permanent pleats and creases can be applied. Used for clothing, bedspreads, sheets, pillows, padding for upholstery, carpets, curtains, ropes, sails for boats, Polyamide (nylon) - Fine, lightweight but extremely strong and abrasion resistant. Does not absorb moisture, stays strong when wet, not affected by alkalis but is by bleach. Long sun exposure will discolour and rot the fabric, can be heat set. Used for underwear, shoe laces, tights, tents, parachutes, carpets and seatbelts , Elastane (Lycra is the most well-known elastane fibre) - Very stretchy (can stretch by up to 6 times its length then return to its original length) Allows closes fitting clothing and movement. Has to be blended with other fibres, crease resistant, easily washable, absorbent, resistant to perspiration and quick drying, not very warm to wear. Used for Swimwear, sportswear, leggings and tights, Blended and mixed fibres - Fabrics that contain two or more fibres to improve the product by: making a fabric stronger, reduce cost, easier to care for, improved crease resistance, allow fabrics to be heat set., Polyester cotton blend - Polyester helps cancel out the shrinking, creasing and slow drying nature of cotton, cotton is more comfortable to wear and better at absorbing moisture. This blend can be dangerous as it is highly flammable. Used for shirts, bed sheets and furniture, Wool nylon blend - Wool provides softness and warmth, nylon gives improved strength and resistance to abrasion making a lighter fabric which does not shrink when washed. Used for socks, trousers, jackets and coats, Woven fabrics - Produced on a loom using warp threads that run the length of the fabric and weft threads that run across the fabric., Bias - The interlacing warp and weft threads make a strong fabric that do not stretch much, but the fabric will stretch diagonally, this is called the bias of the fabric., Selvedge - At the edge where the the weft yearn turns round a finished edge , Raw edge - The weft yarns can pull out of the unfinished edge of the fabric, this is the raw edge and is called fraying and causes the fabric to disintegrate, Plain weave - is made by passing to weft yarn alternately over and under the warp, on each new row the weft goes under the warp it went over on the previous row, it is the simplest and therefore cheapest, firm strong and hardwearing , both sides look the same, used for calico, lawn, poplin and chiffon. Used for fashion items and furnishings., Non-woven fabrics - Some fabrics are made directly from fibres without being woven or knitted. These fabrics are called non-woven fabrics and they include felts and bonded fabrics., Felted - Made from wool fibres and use the natural felting ability to cause the fibres to matt together using heat, mechanical action and moisture. Warm and soft, does not fray, not very strong and does not drape well, no elasticity, expensive. Used for hats, slippers, toys, insulation materials and upholstery , Bonded - Made from webs of fibres, which are held together in various ways: special adhesives, thermal bonding, by using the properties of some or all of the fibres to fuse together using heat and pressure, stitching with thread, needle punching which tangles the fibres together. Cheap to manufacture and use, not very strong, easy to sew, crease resistant, does not fray. Used for interfacings, interlinings, disposable items, Knitted fabrics - Made by yarns being looped together to make looser more flexible fabrics, compared to woven fabrics. There are two main types weft knit and warp knit, Weft knit fabrics - Examples are Jersey, rib knits, polyester fleece, very stretchy but can be pulled out of shape, have a soft drape, do not crease easily, trap air and are warm to wear, but cool in a breeze, will ladder easily. Used for socks, t shirts, jumpers, scarves, hats and leggings., Warp knit fabrics - Examples are tricot, knitted lace, less stretchy than weft knits; firm, do not ladder and cannot be unravelled 'row by row'. Used for swimwear, underwear, net curtains, industrial textiles and geotextiles,

1.6 Materials and their working properties - Textiles

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