pedigree - chart of the phenotypes and genotypes in a family that is used to determine whether an individual is a carrier of a recessive allele, karyotype - image of all of the chromosomes in a cell, autosomes - chromosome that contains genes for characteristics not directly related to the sex of the organism, sex chromosomes - chromosome that directly controls the development of sexual characteristics, nondisjunction - failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate subsequent to metaphase in meiosis or mitosis so that one daughter cell has both and the other neither of the chromosomes, Turner syndrome - a genetic condition in which an X chromosome is partially or totally missing and no Y chromosome is present, Klinefelters syndrome - a syndrome affecting males in which there is an extra X chromosome (XXY), Down syndrome - a condition characterized by distinct characteristics developed from a defect in chromosome 21 or trisomy 21, gel electrophoresis - method of separating various lengths of DNA strands by applying an electrical current to a gel, polymerase chain reaction - method for increasing the quantity of DNA by separating it into two strands and adding primers and enzymes, stem cell - cell that can divide for long periods of time whole remaining undifferentiated, genetic engineering - process of changing an organism's DNA to give the organism new traits, transgenic - organism whose genome has been altered to contain one or more genes from another organism or species, cloning - the process of creating a genetically identical copy of a single gene or an entire organism, gene therapy - procedure to treat a disease in which a defective or missing gene is replaced or a new gene is inserted into a patient's genome,

Biotechnology & Applied Genetics

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