Chromosomes - tiny thread-like structures inside the nucleus of a cell consisting of DNA and proteins, DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid contains the genetic code of all living things, Genes - segments of DNA with a coded set of instructions in its base sequence for a specific protein product / trait, Alleles - alternative forms of a gene for a particular characteristic, Genotype - genetic instructions inherited from parents at a particular gene locus, Phenotype - characteristics that result from the expression of an organism’s genotype, Sex cell - Gametes are sex cells (i.e. sperm and ova). Sex cells have 23 single chromosomes in their nucleus (haploid)., Somatic Cell - Are body cells (i.e. non-sex cells). E.g. skin cells, muscle cells, pancreatic cells…, Haploid - One copy of each chromosome e.g. human gametes have 23 chromosomes, Diploid - Two copies of each chromosome. E.g. humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 chromosomes total), Trait - Various attributes (characters) of organisms (e.g. plant height, blood type, fur colour…) are inherited (passed from one generation to the next). Each variant of a character = trait., Dominant - Alleles are either dominant or recessive. e.g. yellow (dominant, Y, capital letter). These alleles may be passed on through autosomal or sex-linked inheritance., Recessive - Alleles are either dominant or recessive. e.g. green (recessive, y, lower case letter). These alleles may be passed on through autosomal or sex-linked inheritance., Autosomal - An inherited trait coded for by genes located on autosomes., Sex-Linked - An inherited trait coded for by genes located on sex chromosomes, Heterozygous - If two alleles are different, it is heterozygous (e.g. Yy – heterozygous)., Homozygous - If those two alleles are the same, it is homozygous (e.g. YY - homozygous dominant; yy – homozygous recessive).,

Genetics Terminology

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