What is the function of the cell wall? - To provide support to the cell, What part of the cell controls the entry and exit of materials? - The cell membrane, Which parts of the cell do animal and plant cells have in common? - Nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes, cytoplasm, What is the function of the mitochondria? - The site of aerobic respiration, Where is the site of the protein synthesis? - The ribosome, Where in a plant cell does photosynthesis take place? - The chloroplast, What is the name of the green pigment found in the chloroplast? - Chlorophyll, What controls all the activities of the cell and contains DNA? - The nucleus, What is the circular ring of DNA found i n bacterial cell called? - Plasmid, Give three organelles found in animal, plant and fungal cells. - Nucleus, mitochondria, ribosome and cell membrane, What is the plant cell wall composed of? - Cellulose, Give the word equation for aerobic respiration - glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy, State the purpose of aerobic respiration in cells. - To release energy from food., Name the molecule that is the source of energy for use at the cellular level - ATP, Name the end products of aerobic respiration. - Carbon dioxide, water and ATP, State the meaning of the term "fermentation" - a type of respiration without oxygen, State the location of fermentation in cells - The cytoplasm, State the location of aerobic respiration incells - The mitochondria, What happens during stage 2 of aerobic respiration? - Pyruvate is broken down to water and carbon dioxide and energy is released as ATP O and release of ATP, Give three examples of cellular activities that use ATP. - muscle contraction, mitosis, protein synthesis, transmission of nerve impulses, What are the end products of fermentation in plant and yeast cells? - Ethanol, carbon dioxide and 2ATP, Name the products of fermentation in animal cells - Lactate and 2ATP, What is the role of NamDNA in the cell? - To carry the genetic information, What is meant by the term genetic information? - Codes that allow proteins to be produced, Describe the overall shape of a DNA molecule - Double stranded helix, Give the letters by which the four bases that make up the genetic code in a DNA molecule are known - A, T, C and G, Give the name of the four bases that make up the genetic code - Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine, Give the pairs of letters of the complementary bases in DNA. - A and T, C and G, What term refers to a section of DNA with a specific sequence of bases that code for a specific protein? - Gene, Name the molecule that carries a complementary copy of the base sequence of DNA out of the nucleus - mRNA, Where in the cell are amino acids assembled to make a protein? - Ribosome, Explain the term complementary in relation to base pairs in a molecule of DNA. - The shape of the bases fits with it's base pair, Describe the feature of an mRNA molecule that ensures the order of the amino acids in a protein is correct. - mRNA has a complementary copy of the DNA base sequence., Describe the role of mRNA in the process of protein synthesis. - mRNA carries a complementary copy of the DNA code from the nucleus to the ribosome, What feature of a protein determines its molecular shape and the function ?it can carry out - The order of the amino acids, Name four protein groups that have different functions - Enzymes, hormones, receptors and antibodies, Why are enzymes described as biological catalysts? - They speed up chemical reactions in living organisms, What effect does catalysing a reaction have on an enzyme molecule’s structure? - Structure is unchanged, Name the part of an enzyme molecule that binds to its substrate. - Active site, Name two different conditions that can lead to the denaturing of enzymes - High temperature, change in pH, What term is used to describe the fact that enzymes work on only one substrate? - Specific, What term is used to decsribe the conditions under which the enzyme works best? - Optimum, What happens to an enzyme molecule’s structure and function when it becomes denatured? - Active site shape becomes altered so that its shape no longer fits that of the substrate, Name two substances present in cell membranes. - Phospholipid and protein, Name two passive processes by which substances pass through the cell membrane - Diffusion and osmosis, What is the difference in energy requirement between active and passive transport? - Active trasport requires energy, passive transport does not. , What is the difference in direction of movement of molecules between active and passive transport? - Active transport molecules moves against the concentration gradient, in passive transport, molecules move down the concentration gradient. ij, What term is used to describe a plant cell that it swollen as a result of water being taken in by osmosis? - Turgid, What term is used to describe a plant cell that has the cell membrane pulled away from the cell wall as a result of water lost by osmosis? - Plasmolysed, what is menat by a concentration gradient? - The difference in concentration of a chemical between two areas, Describe the process of diffusion. - The passive movement of molecules from region high concentration to a region of low concentration, , Describe osmosis - The movement of water molecules from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane, What is the role of the cell membrane proteins in osmosis? - They form pores to allow water molecules to move through the cell membranepore, What is the role of the cell membrane proteins in active transport? - They act as carriers to move molecules across the cell membrane, What would happen to red blood cell placed in pure water? - Water would enter the cell by osmosis and the ell would burst, What would happen to a plant cell place din pure water? - Water would enter the cell by osmosis and the cell would become turgid, What would happen to an animal cell placed in strong sugar solution? - Water would leave the cell by osmosis and the cell would shrink, What would happen to a plant cell placed in strong sugar solution? - Water would leave the cell by osmosis and the cell would become plasmolysed, Plant root cells taking up ions from the soil through their roots is an example of what kind of transport? - Active transport, What cell structure prevents a plant cell from bursting if too much water enters the cell by osmosis? - The cell wall, What is genetic engineering? - The artificial transfer of DNA between cells, What is a GM organism? - A genetically modified organism - contains genes from another organism, Name two human hormones manufactured by genetic engineering. - Human growth hormone and insulin, What part of a bacterial cell is used to transfer  the required gene into the bacterial cell? - Plasmid, What is used to insert the required gene into the plasmid? - Enzymes, What is used to cut the required gene from the donor cell? - Enzymes, Explain why bacteria are suitable organisms to use in genetic engieering? - They reproduce rapidly / they have plasmids, What does a bacterial cell that has received genetic information from another organism use its coded instructions to produce? - A protein, What is transferred from one organism to another in the process of genetic engineering? - DNA / a gene, What name is given to an organism that has had its genes altered in some way is called: - Genetically modified,

Nat 5 Unit 1 Cell Biology

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