Hope–Goldthorpe scale ​ - distinguished three main classes (service, intermediate, working), which could be further sub-divided into seven occupational classes. Class at birth often determined our occupation in adulthood, Roberts - Pay rarely corresponds with labour shortages, people in upper-middle class occupations often fix their own salaries, and supplement them with other incentives, 2012 High Pay Centre - Total pay of chief executives of the 100 largest companies on the London Stock Exchange had risen by 49 per cent whereas for employees it was by less than 3 per cent, Glennon & Butsch - In the media working class dads are shown as fun, and middle class dads are shown as ‘problem solvers’ (intellectual)., Price - Labelled TV programmes that examine the life of the poorest in society, such as ‘Benefits Street’, as ‘Poverty Porn’, Reiner - Media representations of people with wealth show them as examples of success within a meritocratic society. This means that when people are shown as having wealth, their achievements are celebrated., Chambliss - Working class 'Roughnecks' were less likely to get away with crime than the middle class 'Saints' even though they were committing similar acts, Sutherland - Crime has a high incidence in the lower socio-economic class and a low incidence in the upper socio-economic class , Bordieu and Passeron - Schools are middle class institutions runs by the middle class, Willis - 'Learning to labour' working class boys did not experience educational success due to a fatalistic attitude, Mulvey - Women shown as sex objects in the media due to the male gaze, Gauntlett - Men shown as heroes in the media and women as victims, McRobbie and Garber - 'Jackie' magazine portrayed a traditional housewife role, Seager - Time diaries showed women did more domestic work and men had more leisure time, Chapman - Children given stereotypical gendered chores in the home, Pollack - Women more likely to get away with crime due to the chivalry thesis, Warin - Majority believed the father should be the breadwinner in the family, Benatar - Men do the least desirable and most dangerous jobs, Hakim - Vertical and horizontal segregation in the wokplace, Bottero - Low classes have more hazards in the workplace and less control, Barron and Norris - Women employed more in the secondary labour market,

Trends in Gender and Class Inequality

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