A system of government where a leader serves as both a political and religious successor to Muhammad. - Caliphate, An armed struggle against unbelievers, or a broader concept of striving in the way of Allah. - Jihad, The descendants of Muhammad's daughter Fatima, who claimed the right to rule the Muslim community.d devotion. - Sunni, Followers of the branch of Islam that believes the caliph should be a descendant of Muhammad. - Shi’a, A spiritual path emphasizing poverty and devotion. - Sufi, A dynasty that came to power after the Umayyads and moved the Muslim capital to Baghdad. - Abbasids, Followers of the branch of Islam that accepts the leadership of the Umayyads. - Umayyads, A tax imposed on non-Muslims living in Muslim territories in exchange for exemption from military duties. - Poll tax, A system of government administration characterized by hierarchical procedures and strict regulations. - Bureaucracy, Financial instruments facilitating trade by allowing merchants to exchange them for cash in different cities. - Letters of credit,

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