Renaissance - means "rebirth", time following the Black Death, Italian Renaissance - begins in Italian Urban Centers (cities) - develop into powerful independent cities controlled by powerful families, Medici's - powerful family in Florence, supported art and architecture, Secularism - separation of church from the state - idea that the government should remain independent from religion, Humanism - focus on human rather than divine matters (Petrarch = Italian Humanist), Niccolo Machiavelli - modern day political philosopher - believed that morality should only be followed so long as it serves a purpose, author of The Prince Discourses of Livy (wrote about the realities of ruling a population), Renaissance Art - 3 dimensional, detailed, often non-religious, Renaissance Artists - Donatello, Michelangelo, Leonardo DaVinci, Raphael, Johannes Gutenberg - invented the printing press - mass produce writings easily and cheaply, Dante (author) - Divine Comedy - story about the journey to the afterlife, Chaucer (author) - Canterbury Tales - 29 different pilgrims, William Shakespeare - famous English playwright - one of the most influential authors of all time, Reformation - Destruction of the Unity of Christianity - replaced by many different but related faiths, Christian Humanism - felt that the church was becoming too uncontrolled and corrupt, Erasmus - sought to create a uncontaminated religious experience, Alexander VI (Catholic Church) - spent lots of money, siring about 7 children, died of syphilis, Julius the 2nd (Catholic Church) - Warrior Pope, many mistresses, butchered other Catholics, Leo X (Catholic Church) - always needed money - selling of indulgences, sell church offices, sale of relics, 3 Types of Reformation - Magisterial Reformers, Radicals, Monarchial, Magisterial Reformers - willingness to work with existing authority, Radicals - lots of them, willing to reform Christianity without support of existing authority, Monarchial - England, believed the crown itself was in charge of religious reform, Henry VIII (Monarchial Reformation) - Tudor Dynasty - came to throne after the War of Roses, chips away power of the church, Mary Tudor (Monarchial Reformation) - Staunch Catholic, went after the protestants (burnt a couple hundred) = Bloody Mary, Elizabeth (Monarchial Reformation) - The last of the Tudors, most important English monarch ever, creates Anglican Church, Martin Luther (Magisterial Reformer) - most identified from the reformation, middle class, humanistic ideals, "Sola Fides" = Faith alone, "Sola Scriptures" = scriptures alone , Indulgence Sale - remission of temporal punishment - buy yourself out of time in Purgatory, 95 Theses (written by Luther) - 95 arguments against the indulgences and corruption of the church, John Calvin (Radical) - influenced by Luther, sets up a Theocracy (government ruled and controlled by a particular religion), establishes Blue Laws (restricts and controls everyday behavior), Catholic Response (counter-reformation) - more conciliatory - work with protestants, more conservative - focus on church corruption, New Council of Trent - 1st major response of the Catholic Church to the Reformation, Jusuits - Society of Jesus - founded by Ignatius of Loyola, Religious Wars - Catholics vs Protestants, extremely destructive and devastates much of Europe, Charles V (Religious Wars) - Attack protestants, War ends by a truce - Peace of Augsburg, Philip II of Spain (Religious Wars) - Sets up Council of Blood (Trouble) - an attempt to eradicate protestants but doesn't work, Spanish Armada (Religious Wars) - 130 ships used by Philip II to attack England, run out of shots and forced to go home - many get lost and fleet is lost, Thirty Years War (Religious Wars) - Greatest of the religious wars - single greatest source of destruction and loss of human life (Germany, England, France, Spain), Conclusion of Thirty Year War - Peace of Westphalia 1648, Results of Thirty Year War - French - expands, Sweden - expands, Switzerland and Holland - become independent countries, Calvinism - recognized as an acceptable faith,

Renaissance, Reformation, & Religious Wars

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