Past Simple The Past Simple is used with ____ such as two hours ago, last week and yesterday, which indicate moments or periods that ____ in the past: It was really hot last week. She didn't go to work yesterday. Did you visit Sam at the weekend? We use the Present Perfect with time expressions ____ this week, this year and today, which indicate periods of time that ____ the present: It's been really hot this week. It's really hot this week. She ____ to work today. She didn't go to work today. Have you visited Sam this weekend? Did you visit Sam this weekend? We use the Present Perfect to talk about what we ____: Have you ever met anyone famous? Yes, I have: my cousin is a film star! But note that, if the answer refers to a ____ in the past, the Past Simple is used: Have you ever slept in a tent? Yes, I went camping in Spain last year. The Past Simple is used when talking about a period of time that ended in the past: 2 years + past present future Charlie worked with me for two years. ____ Charlie work with you? - He worked with me for two years. (Charlie ____ works for me now.) How long did Charlie work with you? -He worked with me for two years.how longer have We use the Present Perfect when talking about a period of time that includes the present: 6 weeks past future I've worked here for six weeks. How long have you worked here? I've worked here for six weeks. ____ How long have you been working here? - I've been ____ for six weeks. The Past Simple does not ____ You can use the Past Simple with ago and, when referring to a past period of time, with ____ The course ended a month ago. The course lasted for nine months. The course lasted nine months. The course lasted from September to June. The Present Perfect relates the past to the present. You can ____ up to the present with for + duration of that period or with since + moment or event from the past: I haven't drunk coffee for three months. I haven't drunk coffee since January. You cannot use the Present Perfect with since + ____ NON I have drunk coffee three months ago. NON I haven't drunk coffee since three months: find out more about subject and object interrogative pronouns, see 2.6 What has he been studying this year? - ____ German but he's also started Swedish. What are you studying this year? - He is still learning German but has also started Swedish. ____ said the little bear. "Who slept in my bed?" said the little bear. To learn more about the in-ing form, see Appendix 1 We use the Present Perfect Continuous to describe an action that began in the past and continues into the present: Where have you been? We've been waiting for you. The Present Perfect Continuous is often accompanied by for or since: Julia ____ on the phone for an hour. you've been sitting there since one o'clock. ____ You've been sitting since one o'clock. I've been standing at the bus stop for half an hour. (NON It's half an hour that I'm standing at the bus step.) I've been standing at the bus stop for half an hour. Note that in Italian this tense is rendered with 1 present da You can use the Present Perfect Continuous to talk about an action that started in the past and which ____ Your garden looks amazing! Yes, we've been doing a lot of work in it this spring. Your garden is amazing! Yes, we worked a lot on it this spring. Note that in this case there is no exact equivalent in Italian. Usually the present perfect is used. The Present Perfect Continuous is used to indicate actions ____ in a period of time ranging from the past to the present: They've been learning the flute since primary school. (They started in elementary school and are still learning it.) They have been playing the flute since elementary school. He's been playing football for six years now. Gioca a calcio da sei anni. You can use How long... (for)? with the Present Perfect Continuous to ask questions about ____ How long has he been learning to drive? A month. How long have you been practicing driving? - A month.

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