crust - The layer of solid rock that includes both dry land and ocean floor land and the, mantle - thickest layer of earth- hot and flexible, continental drift - an idea that continents move slowly over surface, mid ocean ridge - underwater mountains formed by lava coming up on ocean floor, subduction - when two tectonic plates come together and one sinks under the other, Convergent plate boundary - Two plates come together, Divergent plate boundary - Two plates move apart, Transform plate boundary - Two plates slip past each other, moving in opposite directions, Focus - the underground starting location of an earthquake, Primary wave - First wave to arrive during an earthquake; they compress and expand, Seismograph - An instrument that records and measures seismic waves, Ring of Fire - A volcanic belt formed by the many volcanoes that rim the Pacific Ocean, rock cycle - process that changes rocks from one type to another, sedimentary - rocks form when the particles of other rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together, metamorphic - rocks form when an existing rock is changed by heat, pressure, weathering - The process that breaks down rock, erosion - the removal or carrying of rock particles by wind, water, ice, or gravity, deposition - Where the agents of erosion deposit or lay down sediment, (where sediment settles)., soil - a mixture of rock particles, minerals, decayed organic material (humus), water, and air., humus - Particles of decayed plants and other organisms, soil horizon - Layer of soil that differs in color and texture from the layers below it, Contour plowing - Plowing fields along the curves of a slope to prevent soil loss, Crop rotation - The planting of different crops in a field each year to maintain the soil's fertility, Desertification - The advance of desert-like conditions into areas those previously were fertile, Stewardship - Responsible use and protection of our natural resources, Soil conservation - The management of soil to prevent its destruction, Epicenter - The point on the surface of Earth above the focus, Earth's core - The center of Earth made mostly of iron and nickel and is responsible for Earth's magnetic field., Sea floor spreading - The sea floor spreads apart along both sides of a mid-ocean ridge as new crust is added., Faults - Breaks in Earth's crust where rocks have slipped past each other,

Earth Processes and Forces

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