1) Group related words by meaning, reflecting how language users mentally organize vocabulary concepts a) Semantic fields b) Terms of address c) Proper nouns 2) Crafting vivid mental pictures through metaphor, simile, or other expressive devices a) Abstract nouns b) Adjectives c) Figurative language 3) Omission of words for impact; can intensify aggression or defensiveness, suggesting unspoken tension or emotion a) Adverb b) Adjectives c) Figurative Language d) Ellipsis 4) Breaks in spoken flow; can signal frustration or dominance attempts, reflecting escalating tension or assertiveness a) Micropauses b) Figurative Language c) Elongated vowel sounds d) Interruptions 5) Corrections or adjustments in spoken language to clarify or rectify communication, enhancing understanding and coherence a) Repetition b) Repairs c) Syndetic lists d) Elongated vowel sounds e) Fillers 6) Corrections or adjustments in spoken language to clarify or rectify communication, enhancing understanding and coherence a) Repetition b) Syndetic lists c) Assimilation d) Fillers e) Backchannelling 7) Omission of sounds or syllables in spoken language for brevity, informality, or rhythmic flow a) Elision b) Repetition c) Backchannelling d) Fillers e) Assimilation f) Micropauses 8) Verbal cues like "uh-huh" or nodding, indicating active listening, encouraging the speaker, fostering engagement a) Syndetic lists b) Assimilation c) Backchannelling d) Fillers e) Micropauses f) Pitch markers 9) Emphasised in spoken language to convey importance, emotion, or contrast, enhancing communication clarity a) Fillers b) Stressed words c) Pitch markers d) Micropauses e) Timed pauses f) Assimilation 10) Deliberate breaks in speech for emphasis, reflection, or building suspense, enhancing communication effectiveness a) Fillers b) Pitch markers c) Stressed words d) Micropauses e) Timed pauses f) Repetition 11) Brief breaks in speech, strategically used for emphasis, contemplation, or maintaining conversational control and rhythm a) Fillers b) Pitch markers c) Micropauses d) Stressed words e) Repetition f) Timed pauses 12) Fluctuations in voice tone during speech, conveying emphasis, emotion, or question intonation for clarity a) Fillers b) Pitch markers c) Stressed words d) Micropauses e) Timed pauses f) Repetition

Spoken Language Features

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