Helicases - enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks, seperating the 2 parental strands and making them available as template strands, Single-strand binding - bind to the unpaired DNA strands, keeping them from re-pairing., Topoisomerase - an enzyme that helps relieve the strain of untwisting the double helix by: breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands], Primase - starts a complementary RNA chain with a single RNA nucleotide and adds RNA nucleotides one at a time, using parental DNA strand as a template., DNA Polymerase III - synthesizes new DNA strand by adding nucleotides to an RNA primer or pre-existing DNA strand, DNA Polymerase I - Removes RNA nucleotides of the adjacent primer with DNA nucleotides one at a time, DNA Ligase - joins the sugar phosphate backbones of all the Okazaki fragments into a continuous DNA strand, RNA Polymerase - pries the two strands of DNA apart and joins together RNA nucleotides complementary to the DNA template strand, thus elongating the RNA polynucleotides. Only for eukaryotic cells , RNA Polymerase II - unwinds the DNA double helix and RNA synthesizes begins at the start point on the template strand. Only for eukaryotic cells, Transcription Factors - a collection of proteins that help guide the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of the transcription, TATA Box - a promoter nucleotide sequence containing TATA with about 25 nucleotides upstream from the transcriptional start point. (Where transcription factors attatch).Only for eukaryotic cells, spliceosome - a complex made of proteins and small RNAs that bind to several short nucleotide sequences along an intron (including key sequences at the end). The intron is released & rapidly degraded, then spliceosomes join together the two exons that flanked the intron., introns (intervening sequences) - the exons of nucleic acids that lie between coding regions. These are removed, exons - The genetic codes that are eventually expressed, usually by being translated into amino acid sequences. They exit the nucleus through the nuclear pores,

Ch 17: Gene Expression- Translation & Transcription

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