reservations - specific areas set aside by the government for the Indians' use, Sand Creek Massacre - an attack on a village of sleeping Cheyenne Indians by a regiment of Colorado militiamen on 29 November 1864 that resulted in the death of more than 200 tribal members, Sitting Bull - Sioux chief, resisted reservations and white expansion, Battle of Little Bighorn - In 1876, Indian leaders Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse defeated Custer's troops who tried to force them back on to the reservation, Custer and all his men died, Chief Joesph - Chief of Nez Perces, tried to escape the government and reservations, ended up surrendering to reduce pain and suffering, Wounded Knee - In 1890, after killing Sitting Bull, the 7th Cavalry rounded up Sioux at this place in South Dakota and 300 Natives were murdered and only a baby survived., assimilated - giving up a culture and taking on a new one, Dawes General Allotment Act - 1887 law that divided reservation land into private family plots of 160 acres, meant to make Native Americans farmers, vigilantes - People who take the law into their own hands, were in Boomtowns, Transcontinental RR - stretches from coast to coast, Land grants - Government gifts of land, especially to RR, Open-range system - Cattle from any ranch grazed freely across the boundaries., Homestead Act - This act, passed in 1862, gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years., Exodusters - the African Americans migrating to the Great Plains state (ie: Kansas & Oklahoma) in 1879 to escape conditions in the South, Las Gorras Blancas - the White Caps, group of Mexican Americans living in New Mexico who attempted to protect their land and way of life from encroachment by white landowners., Union Pacific - railroad company that began construction in Omaha, Nebraska, Central Pacific - starting point was Sacramento, California, Spoils system - awarding friends, family members to high govt jobs, without qualifications, civil service - government jobs, Pendleton Civil Service Act - required govt employees to pass exam, proving qualifications, gold standard - backing currency with gold, Political machines - Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities. A boss leads the machine and attempts to grab more votes for his party., Flat money - money that is not backed by any precious commodity (gold or silver), Oliver H. Kelley - founded the social organization know as the Grange, Grange - an association formed by farmers in the last 1800s to make life better for farmers by sharing information about crops, prices, and supplies, Populist Party - U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies, William Jennings Bryan - Democratic candidate for president in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party., William McKinley - Republican candidate in 1896, Farmers' Alliance - A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy,

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