Narrator - dialogue that is spoken to the audience telling them what is happening, sometimes before it even happens. This aims to prevent the audience from becoming emotionally involved, Direct address - Actors directly speak to the audience, challenging what they think, telling them what they are doing or asking a question. A technique for breaking the fourth wall., Placards/signs - Visual signs held up to the audience telling or showing them background information, important information to know , Episodic scenes - spoiling dramatic tension in advance of episodes, Disjointed time sequences - flashbacks and flash forwards – large jumps in time between episodes (scenes), Historification - setting events in another place and/or time in order to distance the emotional impact, yet enhance the intellectual impact for the spectator (audience), Fragmentary costumes - single items of clothing representing the entire costume, Fragmentary props - single objects representing a larger picture (or setting), Song - like parables in the Bible, songs are used to communicate the message or themes of the drama, Demonstration of role - actors are encouraged not to fully become the role, but rather to ‘demonstrate’ the role at arm’s length, with a sense of detachment, Multi-roles and split roles - actors commonly perform more than one character in a drama, Open white lighting - due to its emotional impact, coloured light on stage is eliminated – instead, the stage is flooded with white light, Verfremdungseffekt - involves the use of many of the above conventions, with the ultimate aim of distancing the audience emotionally and increasing their intellectual response to the drama., Gestus - The combination of gesture and facial expression and body language is deliberately used to create meaning and communicate a message to the audience, Alienation - make the play seem strange to the audience. Distance them so they can think rather than be sucked into the emotions,

Epic Theatre conventions

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