Court of limited jurisdiction - a court that has jurisdiction over misdemeanors and conducts preliminary investigations of felony charges, Specialized court - a court that has primary jurisdiction over specific types of offenses and that operates differently than a traditional criminal court, such as with a concern over outcomes and extensive judicial monitoring, Court of general jurisdiction - a state or federal court that has jurisdiction over felony offenses-serious crimes that carry a penalty of incarceration in a state or federal prison for 1 year or more, Appellate court - a court to which appeals are made on points of law resulting from the judgment of a lower court, the appellate court may be asked to evaluate the impact of new evidence but more typically decides whether the state or federal constitution was improperly interpreted during a case, U.S district court - a trial court in the federal court system, U.S court of appeals - an appellate court in the federal court system, U.S supreme court - the highest appellate court in the united states, Court of last resort - a court that handles the final appeal on a matter-in the federal system, the U.S supreme court, Writ of certiorari - an order of a superior court requesting that a record of an inferior court (or administrative body) be brought forward for review or inspection, Rule of four - the convention that four justices must agree to hear a case before a writ of certiorari is granted, Judge - the senior officer in a court of law, who is authorized to hear and decide cases., Missouri plan - a method of judicial selection that combines a judicial, Alternative dispute resolution - A means of setting disputes outside the courtroom, Arbitration - a process of dispute resolution in which a neutral third party (arbitrator) renders a decision after a hearing at which both parties agree to be heard, Mediation - an informal dispute resolution process in which a neutral third party (mediator) helps disputing parties reach an agreement, Prosecutor - an appointed or elected member of the practicing bar who is responsible for brining the state’s case against the accused, United states attorneys - the nation’s principal (federal) litigators, appointed by the president assistant United states attorney’s are tasked with among other duties, prosecuting criminal defendants in federal court, Attorney general - The chief legal officer and prosecutor of each state and of the united states, District attorney - the county prosecutor who is charged with bringing offenders to justice and enforcing the criminal laws of the state, Community prosecution - a prosecutorial philosophy that emphasizes the community support and cooperation with other agencies in preventing crime as well as a less centralized and more proactive role for local prosecutors, Prosecutorial discretion - the prosecutor’s authority to decide whether to bring a case to trial or to dismiss it outright, Nolle prosequi  - the decision by a prosecutor to drop a case after a complaint has been made because of, for example insufficient evidence witness reluctant to testify, police error, or office policy, Grand jury - A group of citizens chosen to hear charges against persons accused of crime and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring those persons to trial, Diversion - the use of an alternative to trial such as referral to treatment or employment programs, Defense attorney - legal counsel for the defendant in a criminal case representing the accused person from arrest to final appeal, Indigent defendant - a defendant who lacks the funds to hire a private attorney and is therefore entitled to free counsel, Assigned counsel - a private attorney appointed by the court to represent a criminal defendant who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer., Public defender - a private attorney employed by the court to represent a criminal defendant who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer, Recoupment - processes by which the state later recovers same or all of the cost of providing free legal counsel to an indigent defendant, Contract system - A contract system in which a private business lead prisoners from the state for a fixed annual fee and assume full responsibility for their supervision and control,

basic constitutional law vocab

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