Durkheim - Crime is an inevitable and normal aspect of social life. He pointed out that crime is inevitable in all societies, and that the crime rate was in fact higher in more advanced, industrial societies., Merton - Not all social groups have the same change of achieving the goals set by society (black/minority ethnic, working class) This causes a strain between the goals and the means of achieving them, this can lead to crime., A.Cohen - Many working class youths experience status frustration as they fail at school, can't get good jobs or be economically successful so they suffer in status, Cloward & Ohlin - Working class denied legitimate opportunities to achieve economic success. Parallel set of illegitimate opportunity structures structures develop where legitimate ones don't exist, Miller - Focal concerns of a subculture that doesn't share society's value consensus, Matza - All young people drift in and out of crime and deviance and not all working class youths turn to crime/deviance, Snider - Losses from corporate crime are 20x greater than street crimes, Chambliss - Argues that laws to protect private property are the cornerstone of the capitalist economy > intro of english law into britains east african colonies - local economy wasnt a money economy so introduced tax that had to be paid in cash so the african colonies would work, Pearce - Rich rarely prosecuted for their white collar crimes such as fraud and tax evasion. Selective law enforcement gives us the impression crime is committed by working classes, Becker - Labelling theory, Lemert - Primary & Secondary deviance, S.Cohen - Mods & Rockers, Moral Panics and Folk Devils, Jock Young - Deviance Amplification Spiral: study of marijuana smoking hippies, Cicourel - Police officers' criminal stereotypes led them to concentrate on certain groups, resulting in the law enforcement showing a class bias; policing working class areas and people who fitted their expectations, Braithwaite - Disintegrative and Reintegrative shaming: argues crime rates are lower in societies which use reintegrative society where only the criminal act is shamed (avoids stigmatising), Murray - Argues that the crime reate is increasing because of growing underclass or new rabbled who are defined by their deviant behaviour and who fail to socialise their children properly,

Crime studies Func/Lab/Marx

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