Broad Australian English (accent) - Flat, nasal, monotone, slower and wider diphthongs, assimilation, vowel reduction and consonant elision, e.g Straya, Scarnon, Weak/fapped T, H-deletion = covert prestige, General Australian English (accent) - Majority of population use this, associated with middle-class 'average' (white) Australians = overt prestige., Cultivated Australian English (accent) - Less nasal, tighter vowels/diphthongs, less assimilation, crisp or explosive T, closer to British = overt prestige (BUT considered less reflective of Australian ideals), Key features of Australian English - Non-rhotic R, yod insertion, weak/flapped T, assimilation and vowel reduction, Australian vernacular/slang (Strine), diminutives, Regional variation in Australia - Phonetic differences: South Australia = semi vocalised /l/ and use of /aː/ VS /æ/ in 'dance' for example. Lexical differences: different lexemes in different states for beer glasses, swimwear and processed meats, for example., Features of Aboriginal English (Ab.E) - He and him pronouns extended to female and inanimate objects; no auxiliary verbs; H-deletion; borrowings from Indigenous languages, compounds to denote kinship: cousin brother, brother boys, sister girl, English words with special meaning: mob, deadly, country, yarn , Attitudes towards Ab.E - Highly prescriptivist attitudes have had detrimental effects on Aboriginal people in legal, health and educational contexts. Speakers have been noted to code-switch in order to avoid discrimination., Attitudes towards ethnolects - Because they are non-standard, they can garner covert prestige. Some varieties gain prestige from dominant groups e.g. 'Naarmcore'. But often they are seen as less correct (prescriptivist) and even discriminated against. As Australia embraces multiculturalism and globalisation, they are becoming more accepted (descriptivist), Australian ethnolects - Minority dialects which contain features of AE combined with non-English language features. Spoken by children of immigrant families who may or may not have English as their first language. Reflects ethnocultural identity = covert prestige, Changes in Australian Identity - Traditionally followed British culture, but since WWII has been increasingly influenced by American culture. Continued immigration, increased globalisation, civil rights movements and the pervasiveness of the internet has meant a more diverse, fluctuating identity. , Changes in Australian English - Reflecting changes in the Aust identity, AE has shifted from being closer to the British usage, to being heavily influenced by American usage as well as other multicultural influences. Increased values of diversity and inclusion have lead to more politically correct language and a growing acceptance of ethnolects esp Ab.E. , Attitudes towards accents - Can often reflect socioeconomic status (intentionally or unintentionally) and/or ethnicity. This may carry prestige OR it may marginalise a speaker. Therefore, speakers may code-switch between accents in order to control others perception of them.,

Language Variation in Australia

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