tertiary structure - The attraction and repulsion of non-adjacent amino acids (3D)., quaternary structure - Only found in proteins that consist of more than one polypeptide., 3-D shape - Three dimensional structure (length, width & depth)., enzyme - A protein that acts as a catalyst, increases the rate of a reaction by lowering the activation energy., hormone - A chemical released by endocrine glands. They can be proteins, peptides or lipid derivatives and are transported from the site of production through the blood to the target site., receptor protein - Proteins that have specific binding sites that have a shape that enables them to bind to a complementary substance. Can be found in the cell membrane and other membranes in a cell., antibody - A protective protein produced by the immune system in response to the presence of a foreign substance., substrate - A substance that is complimentary in shape and will bind to the active site of an enzyme., induced-fit model - The model that describes how a substrate and its specific enzyme interact., temperature - The degree or intensity of heat present in a substance or object., pH - The degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance., inhibitors - Substances that bind with enzymes and alter their active site, reducing the rate of enzyme-catalysed reactions., activation energy - The minimum amount of energy required by reacting substances/substrates to undergo a specified chemical reaction., phenotypic expression - The observable characteristics of an individual that is determined by its genotype and environmental factors., cellular differentiation - Cells receive signals that determine the genes which are expressed or not. This determines the cell’s function., tissue - Cells with a similar structure and function work together., gene expression - The determination of which genes will be expressed and therefore produce a gene product., cytosine - The particular nucleotide that methyl groups attach to, DNA methylation., methylation - A methyl group attaches to a cytosine nucleotide base to change the expression of a particular gene. Plays a role in epigenetics., epigenetic - The inheritance of characteristics related to changes in gene expression rather than just the acquisition of genes or medication of genes., cancer - Cells that undergo uncontrolled, abnormal cell division., mutation - A change in the nucleotide base sequence of DNA. May involve a single nucleotide, or section of DNA or chromosomes., cell division - The process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells, passing on genetic information., ionising radiation - A type of radiation consisting of particles, X-rays, or gamma rays with sufficient energy to cause ionization in the medium through which it passes. Causes damage to DNA by inducing mutations., mutagen - A substance or particle that can cause the formation of mutations in DNA., viruses - A non-living particle that can cause disease in other organisms., germ cells - Cells that develop into gametes., somatic cells - All cells in the body of an organism except the gametes., polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - A technique used to increase the amount of DNA available for analysis by creating many copies of a particular nucleotide sequence., base sequence - The order of nucleotide bases on a segment of DNA.,

DNA Part 2

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