DNA - A double helix nucleic acid that is able to self-replicate and is the genetic material of most organisms., RNA - A single helix nucleic acid that is involved in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes., double-stranded - Consists of two polynucleotide chains whose nitrogenous bases are connected by hydrogen bonds. Within this arrangement, each strand mirrors the other as a result of the anti-parallel orientation of the sugar-phosphate backbones, as well as the complementary nature of the A-T and C-G base pairing., helical - Spiral shaped., cytosol - The liquid found inside of cells., prokaryote - A simple cell that has no membrane-bound organelles and circular chromosomes., nucleotide - The building block of DNA consisting of a sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base., genetic information - The information for cellular function passed from one cell to another in the form of DNA., eukaryote - Any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus, membrane bound organelles and linear chromosomes., chromosome - A molecule of DNA that contains particular genes., nucleus - Found in eukaryotic cells, where chromosomes are surrounded by a nuclear membrane., weak bonds - Chemical bonds between molecules that require little energy to break eg H bonds., complimentary base-pairing - Bases of two polynucleotide strands in DNA pair up in a specific way dependent upon their chemical structures., semi-conservative replication - The formation of two new strands of DNA, each containing one original (parent) strand and one newly synthesised strand., universal - Applies to all living things., protein synthesis - The process that enables proteins to be synthesized. Occurs at a ribosome., gene - A section of DNA that has a specific nucleotide base sequence which encodes for a gene product that confers a specific characteristic, often referred to as the unit of inheritance., transcription - The first stage of protein synthesis. The non-coding strand of DNA of a gene is copied to produce a working copy of a gene called the messenger RNA (mRNA)., translation - The second stage of protein synthesis. mRNA is read by ribosomes to produce a chain of amino acids that forms a polypeptide that folds to produce a functional protein., mRNA - The working copy of a gene produced during transcription and used in translation to produce a polypeptide., tRNA - Delivers and enables the transfer of an amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain during protein synthesis., amino acids - Twenty different molecules, the building blocks of proteins., ribosome - Site of translation., codon - A set of three nucleotide bases that encode an amino acid. Found on the mRNA., anticodon - A set of three nucleotide bases found on a tRNA molecule. The three base sequence corresponds to a specific amino acid., exon - A segment of a gene that is expressed., intron - A segment of a gene that is removed prior to translation., polypeptide - A chain or polymer of amino acids that are bonded together by peptide bonds. Each linear molecule folds into a functional protein when conditions are favourable., primary structure - The linear chain of amino acids (polypeptide)., secondary structure - The formation of alpha helices or beta sheets (folding – 2D).,

DNA Part 1

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