1) Among the biological characteristics or functions belong to cholesterol. Except: a) Important for energy storage b) Important in cell membrane structure c) Precursor of steroid hormones and bile acids d) In dietary fats and can be synthesized by the liver e) Excreted in bile under an unmetabolized form and can be metabolized into bile acids. 2) Which of the following lipoproteins has the lowest density? a) Chylomicron b) VLDL c) IDL d) LDL e) HDL 3) Which of the following lipoprotein has lowest diameter? a) Chylomicron b) LVDL c) IDL d) HDL e) LDL 4) Which of the following lipoproteins is in region when electrophoresis is performed? a) Chylomicron b) VLDL c) IDL d) HDL e) LDL 5) Which of the following lipoproteins originates from the liver, intestines and catabolism of chylomicron and VLDL? a) Chylomicron b) HDL c) LDL d) IDL e) VLDL 6) Which of the following lipoproteins is responsible for directing peripheral cells? a) Chylomicron b) VLDL c) IDL d) LDL e) HDL 7) Apolipoprotein with structural function in LDL and VLDL and Receptor binding is: a) Apo‐AI b) Apo A‐II c) Apo‐B100 d) Apo‐B48 e) Apo‐CI 8) Apolipoprotein with functions inhibitors lipoprotein lipase and clearance CM& VLDL remnants particles is:  a) Apo‐AI b) Apo A‐II c) Apo‐CI d) Apo‐CII e) Apo‐CIII 9) Apolipoprotein with functions Cofactors for LCAT (Lecithin cholesteryl acyl transferase) has active is: a) Apo‐AI b) Apo A‐II c) Apo‐CI d) Apo‐CII e) Apo‐CIII 10) Apolipoprotein with structural function in HDL and LCAT (lecithin cholesteryl acyl transferase) has active is : a) A. Apo‐AI b) B. Apo A‐II c) C. Apo‐CI d) D. Apo‐CII e) E. Apo‐CIII 11) Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is actively enzyme in: a) Cytoplasm b) Mitochondrial c) Vascular space d) Digestive space e) None of the above 12) The following are all phrases related to the metabolic aspect of lipoprotein, Find the wrong phrase: a) Triglycerides dietary are directed by chylomicron to tissues for energy or storage. b) Triglyceride, synthesized by the liver, is directed by lDL to tissues for energy or storage. c) Cholesterol, synthesized by the liver, is directed by LDL to tissues d) Cholesterol from the diet reaches the liver in chylomicron waste e) HDL takes cholesterol from peripheral cells with other lipoproteins 13) What tests are not included in the Lipit test group? a) Total Cholesterol & Triglyceride b) LDL‐cholesterol, HDL‐cholesterol & VLDL c) Lp (a), Apo B‐100 & Apo B‐48 d) LDH, AST & ALT e) none of the above 14) Which of the following factors lowers HDL‐Cholesterol levels? a) Increase age b) Exercise c) obesity d) Alcohol e) used exogenous oestrogens 15) Which of the following factors higher LDL‐cholesterol levels? a) Increase age b) exercise c) obesity d) Alcohol e) used exogenous oestrogens 16) Which of the following factors lower Triglyceride levels? a) Increase age b) exercise c) Alcohol d) Used exogenous oestrogens e) obesity 17) How ml Triglyceride Level Do You Have To Determine LDL‐Cholesterol Levels Formula? a) >200 mg/dL b) >300 mg/dL c) >400 mg/dL d) >500 mg/dL e) None of the above 18) Which of the following test values is not used to calculate LDL‐cholesterol levels? a) Total Cholesterol b) Triglyceride c) HDL‐cholesterol d) Free Fatty Acid e) None of the above 19) When looking at the opalescent plasma aspect, one can guess which lipid level occurs in that plasma? a) Total Cholesterol b) Triglyceride c) HDL‐cholesterol d) Free Fatty Acid e) None of the above 20) Blood samples for the study of lipids must have the following ,except one : a) Blood should be drawn after a fast of 12 to 14 hours. b) Maintain a normal diet for two weeks before blood transfusions. c) Drinking alcohol the evening before the day of pumping blood has no effect as long as the fasting period is between 12 and 14 hours. d) For people with MI or Stroke, blood can be pumped within 24 hours or after 3 months. e) none of the above 21) In selecting patients for lipid research, the following are the criteria for participants,except one : a) Cardiovascular disease,Cerebrovascular and Peripheral vascular b) History family has premature coronary disease c) Risk factors (Diabetes and high blood pressure) d) Patients with a clinical view of hyperlipidemia e) Patients with transparent plasma 22) Which of the following medications causes an increase in plasma lipid levels? 1.Thiazides, 2.Beta-blocker, 3.Corticosteroids, 4.Estrogens, 5.Progesterons a) 1&2 b) 1,2&3 c) 1,2,3&4 d) all of above e) none of above 23) In the following is common risk factors for cardiovascular disease,except one: a) Hypercholestrolemia b) Hypertension c) Male sex d) Cigarette smoking e) Hyperfibrinogenemia 24) In the following is common risk factors for cardiovascular disease,except one: a) Hypercholestrolemia b) Personal history of cardiovascular disease c) Low HDL‐cholesterol d) Overweight e) Hyperfibrinogenemia 25) Which drug acts as an inhibitor of HMG‐CoA reductase? a) Ezetimibe b) Fibrates c) Statin d) Fish oil e) None of the above 26) Which drug works to block the absorption of cholesterol? a) Ezetimibe b) Fibrates c) Statin d) Fish oil e) None of the above 27) Which drug acts on Lipit's metabolism? a) Ezetimibe b) Fibrates c) Statin d) Fish oil e) None of the above 28) Body fluids that are in or surrounded by cell membranes are: a) Extracellular fluid b) Transcellular fluid c) Intracellular fluid   d) Intravascular fluid e) None of above 29) Theoretically, which word indicates that the osmotic pressure is less than the osmotic pressure of the plasma? a) Hypoosmotic   b) Hypotonic   c) Hypotension   d) None of the above e) All of above 30) Osmotic pressure is the pressure caused by: a) The solvent in the solution forms on the membrane for the purpose of binding across the membrane(semipermeable membrane)  b) Occurrence of water volume in a closed vessel   c) Adding gas to a sealed container   d) None of the above e) All of above 31) Osmotic pressure may vary in relation to,except one: a) Total amount of solvent   b) Molecular size of a solvent   c) Membrane characteristics that allow soluble molecules to pass through   d) None of the above e) All of above 32) What causes dehydration in men and women after 13 years? a) Women’s menstrual bleeding   b) Women drink less water than men   c) Men are more physically active, leading to more cells than women   d) none of the above e) all of above 33) Which feature Gibbs‐Donnan equilibrium shows ? 1. The product of the membrane ions that can pass through the membranes of both parts is equal , 2. Electric charge of both parts, 3. The number of ions remains unchanged before and after equilibrium. a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 1&2 e) 1,2&3 34) Which part of the body has the most water? a) Extracellular fluid b) Transcellular fluid c) Intravascular fluid d) Intracellular fluid e) Extravascular fluid 35) What is the most important difference between plasma and interstial fluid? a) Positive ion charge   b) Negative ion charge   c) water charge   d) Protein charge   e) none of the above 36) Osmotic pressure is: a) Water extraction characteristics of the solution   b) Solution download properties of the solution   c) Positive ion extraction characteristics of the solution   d) Negative ion extraction characteristics of the solution   e) none of the above 37) Major anion of intracellular cell fluid,except one: a) protein b) organic phosphates   c) sulfates   d) ions cL e) others 38) When a blood simple is analyzed for hemolysis,which substance is the most affected? a) Glucose   b) Potassium   c) Sodium   d) Creatinine   e) Protein 39) Which organ releases Renin? a) liver   b) lung   c) kidney   d) pancreas   e) muscle 40) In the following substance is characteristic or involved in keeping water in the body, except one is: a) Renin   b) Angiotensin  c) Angiontensin Converting enzyme   d) Atrial Natriuretic peptide   e) Antidiuretic Hormones 41) In normal condition,how many ml of water should an adult drink? a) 600ml   b) 1200ml   c) 2200ml   d) 3400ml   e) 5000ml 42) Condition that show increased total body water,increase Extracellular water,increase Intracellular water ,normal Total body sodium and decreased Plasma sodium concentration is: a) Hypernatremia dehydration   b) Normonatremic dehydration   c) Hyponatremic dehydration   d) Water intoxication   e) None of the above 43) Conditions that show decreased total body water,Decreased Extracellular water,Increase Intracellular water,decreased Total body sodium and decreased Plasma sodium concentration is: a) Hypernatremia dehydration   b) Normonatremic dehydration   c) Hyponatremic dehydration   d) Water intoxication   e) None of the above 44) In the following reason is has Hypernatremic dehydration,except one: a) Water and food deprivation   b) Excessive sweating   c) Osmotic diuresis (with glucosuria)   d) Diuretic therapy   e) Vomiting, diarrhea 45) Which of the following causes Polydipsia? 1/Psychogenic:secondary to a psychiatric disturbance , 2/Organic:secondary to an anterior thalamic lesion , 3/Increase release ADH by hypothalamus caused by decreased venous returns to heart without decreased bleeding , 4/Increase released ADH by hypothalamus in the absence of appropriate blood osmotic simulation a) 1 b) 3 c) 1&2 d) 3&4 e) 1,2,3&4 46) Which of the following causes SIADH? 1/Psychogenic:secondary to a psychiatric disturbance , 2/Organic:secondary to an anterior thalamic lesion , 3/Increase release ADH by hypothalamus caused by decreased venous returns to heart without decreased bleeding , 4/Increase released ADH by hypothalamus in the absence of appropriate blood osmotic simulation a) 1 b) 3 c) 1&2 d) 3&4 e) 1,2,3&4 47) Intracellular fluid is : a) There is an exchange of ions between cells and cells   b) Metabolism take place there   c) There is metabolic waste in there   d) Often the analytes is used to measure its level. e) None of above 48) In the following reasons is has Potassium Retention by increasing Potassium intake, except one: a) High‐potassium diet and Oral potassium supplemention   b) Intravenous potassium administration   c) Potassium penicillins in high doses   d) Renal failure   e) Transfusion of aged blood 49) In the following reasons ,has Potassium Retention by decreased secreted Potassium,except one:  a) Renal failure  b) Transfusion of aged blood   c) Hypoaldosteronism ‐adrenal failure   d) Diuretic that block distal tubular potassium secretion   e) Primary defects in renal tubular potassium secretion 50) The charge of the soluble component of the water inside the cells depends on: a) Created nonpermeable polyanionic macromolecule   b) Electrochemical slope created by Na‐K exchange and nonpermeable Intracellular polyanionic  c) Macromolecule feature of cells membrane permeability to types of ions   d) Energy‐dependent ion‐specific transport pumps e) None of above 51) In general, what part of the body water in which a substance is measured? a) Intracellular water   b) Intravascular water   c) Interstial fluid   d) Transcellular water e) None of above 52) Water is the richest substance in the body, which group has the most water? a) Fetus   b) Children   c) Adult women   d) Adult male e) Older 53) Concentration of an ion in plasma: a) Higher In water plasma   b) Lower in water plasma   c) Equal to water plasma   d) Cannot compare e) None of above 54) One of the following ions many in cells: a) Na   b) Cl   c) K   d) Bicarbonate   e) Ca 55) The tendency to move water from a solutions with a high concentration of liquid into a solution with a high concentration is a phenomenon:  a) simple diffusion   b) facilitated diffusion   c) Active transport   d) Osmosis e) passive transport 56) Anion gap is calculated to the following formula: a) ([Cl‐] + [HCO3‐]) – ([Na+]+[K+])   b) ([Na+]+[K+]) ‐ ([Cl‐] + [HCO3‐])   c) [Cl‐] – ([Na+]+[K+])   d) ([Cl‐] + [HCO3‐]) – [Na+] e) ([Na+]+[Cl-])-([K+]+[HCO3-]) 57) The following are the elements associated with Renin Angiotensin Aldostensin Aldosterone system,except one is:  a) ADH   b) Aldosterone   c) Erythropoietin   d) ACE e) Angiotensin 58) A Natriuretic peptide with the same structure as ANP produced directly in the kidney,but less specific functions,but has a stronger effect on the release of sodium and water than ANP is: a) ADH   b) BNP   c) CNP   d) Urodilatin e) None of above 59) What are the conditions that lead to the release of ADH and stimulate drinking? 1/Increased Extracellular water osmolarity , 2/Decreased blood volume , 3/Decreased renal perfusion a) 1&2   b) 2&3   c) 1   d) 1,2,&3 e) 2 60) What organs are associated with Renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone? 1.brain 2.liver 3.kidney 4.lung 5.blood vessels a) 1&2 b) 3&4 c) 4&5 d) 2&3 e) 1,2,3,4&5 61) casesd of hyponatremic dehydration, except one is: 1. Diuretic therapy 2. Excessive sweating 3. Salt‐wasting renal disease 4. Adrenal cortical insufficiency 5. Vomiting 6. Diarrhea a) 1, 2 & 3   b) 4, 5 & 6   c) 5 & 6   d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 & 6 e) 2 , 3 & 4 62) Here are the reasons for Water intoxication, except one is: a) Polydipsia   b) SIADH   c) Ectopic, autonomous secretion of ADH   d) Vomiting, diarrhea e) None of above 63) Here are the reasons for loss K, except one is: a) Decreased potassium intake   b) Increased gastrointestinal losses   c) Increased urinary losses   d) Decreased potassium excretions Liver function e) None of above 64) The liver functions to both synthesize and break down glycogen, but the reaction to synthesis or breakdown is largely dependent on: a) Insulin amount in the blood   b) Glucagon amount in the blood   c) Individual metabolic status   d) Presence of enzymes in the blood e) All of above 65) Why is the liver the only organ responsible for maintaining a constant blood glucose level? a) have arginase   b) have glucose‐6 ‐phosphatase   c) have glycogen   d) have lactate e) have insulin 66) What is the mechanism of carbohydrate metabolism that ensures stable blood glucose concentration while glycogen storage is depleted? a) Glycolysis   b) Pantose phosphate pathway   c) glycogenolysis   d) gluconeogenesis e) glycogenesis 67) The following are the precursors of gluconeogenesis,except one : a) Glucose   b) Lactate   c) Glycerol   d) Amino acid e) None of above 68) What proteins are not synthesized in the liver? 1. Alphafetoprotein 2. C‐Reactive protein 3. Hemoglobin 4. Immunoglobulin 5. Albumin a) 1&2   b) 3&4   c) 1,2&5   d) 1,2,3&4   e) 1;2;3,4&5 69) All of the following proteins, one is used as makers for infectious disease? a) AFP   b) CRP (C-Reactive Protein) c) Prealbumin   d) Albumin   e) Transferrin 70) What tests or laboratory methods are used to isolate different proteins in the serum? a) Biuret method   b) Jaffé Method   c) BCG method   d) Electrophoresis e) None of above 71) Acute or chronic anemia that causes red blood cell rupture: a) Prehepatic jaundice   b) Hepatic jaundice   c) Posthepatic jaundice   d) Non‐jaundice e) All of above 72) Crigler‐Najjar’s syndrome is condition disease caused by: a) Imperfections direct bilirubin from plasma to liver   b) Congenital enzyme deficiency   c) Defects in directing bilirubin glucuronide into the bile duct   d) none of the above e) all of above 73) The following are all non‐protein nitrogen compounds,except one: a) Urea   b) Creatinine   c) Bilirubin   d) Uric acid   e) Ceruloplasmin 74) One of the following is a non‐enzymatic substance: a) AST   b) ALT   c) LDH   d) HDL   e) GGT 75) What proteins play a role in blood clotting? 1. Prealbumin 2. Albumin 3. Prothrombin 4. Fibrinogen 5. Transferrin a) 1 & 2   b) 1, 2 & 3   c) 3 & 4   d) 3, 4 &5   e) 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5 76) Which substance is not lipid? a) Triglycerides   b) Cholesterol   c) Sphingolipids   d) Acetyl CoA   e) LDH 77) Bilirubin is a by‐product of: a) Leukocyte (white blood cell)   b) Erythrocyte (red blood cell)   c) Thrombocyte (platelets)   d) Liver cells   e) Bone cells 78) Which of the following conditions leads to the presence of bilirubin in the urine? a) Prehepatic jaundice   b) Gildert’s disease   c) Crigler‐Najar’s syndrome   d) Obstructive jaundice e) none of above 79) Which of the following cells represents the function of the liver? a) Hepatocyte   b) Kuppfer cell   c) Sinusoidal Endothelial cells   d) Stellate cell e) none of above 80) Which of the following molecules is the end result of Hbdegradation metabolism? a) Creatinine   b) Uric acid   c) Urea   d) Bilirubin   e) Ammonium 81) Which of the following enzymes makes the liver the only place to produce urea? a) Carbamoyl phosphate synthase   b) Ornithine transcarbamoylase   c) Arginosuccinate synthase   d) Arginosuccinate lyase e) Arginase 82) Which test is used to assess the synthesis capacity of the liver? a) Phenolsulfon‐phthalein   b) Serum ammonia   c) Prothrombin time   d) Alkaline Phosphatase   e) ALT & AST 83) The following tests evaluate the liver's synthetic function, with the exception of: a) Total protein,   b) Albumin,   c) Prothrombin time,   d) Serum cholesterol   e) Serum ammonia 84) What is the normal level of Urine total protein? a) 70 g/L   b) <20mg/24h  c) 200mg/24h  d) 2000mg/24h e) 50 g/L 85) What is the normal level of urine albumin? a) 70g/L  b) <20mg/24h  c) 200mg/24h  d) 2000mg/24h e) 50 g/L 86) Amongst the following sentences/phrases, which one is a cause or definition of gestational diabetes mellitus? a) Some pancreatic diseases (Pancreatitis) and other diseases may cause transient high blood glucose level b) Insulin deficiency caused by beta-cell destruction c) Insulin resistance caused by hormones secreted from adipocytes d) A pathological condition causes abnormal Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (2-hours, 75g OGGT: 140-199 mg/dL) e) A pathological condition for pregnancy caused by increase daily food consumption, insulin resistance and increase sexual hormone level 87) The following laboratory tests, which one are used to screening gestational diabetes? a) Random blood glucose level b) Oral glucose tolerance test-50 g (OGTT-50g) c) Oral glucose tolerance test-100 g (OGTT-100g) d) Fasting blood glucose level e) Hb A1C 88) What are the root causes of complications such as cerebral vascular diseases (stroke), Cardiac vascular diseases (heart attack), Nephropathies, Retinopathies, Neuropathies, Peripheral vascular disease,...? a) Microvascular damage to glycation of vessel wall protein b) Increased Toxins in blood (Urea and Creatinine) c) Decreased blood volume due to dehydration d) Acidosis due to kidney regulation function disturbance e) Dehydration due to excessive urination 89) The following sentences are the characteristics of Lipoproteins. Please select which one belongs to Chylomicron. a) Density 0.96-1.006, Mean diameter (nm) = 43, source: liver, principal function: transport endogenous triglycerides b) Density <0.95, Mean diameter (nm) = 500, source: intestine, principal function: transport exogenous triglycerides c) Density 1.007-1.019. Mean diameter (nm) = 27, source: catabolism of VLDL, principal function: precursor of LDL d) Density 1.020-1.063. Mean diameter (nm) = 22. source: catabolism of VLDL via IDL, principal function: cholesterol transport to peripheral cells e) Density 1.064-1.210. Mean diameter (nm) = 8. source: liver. intestine and catabolism of CM and VLDL, principal function: reverse cholesterol transport 90) The following sentences are the characteristics of Lipoproteins. Please select which one belongs to High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL). a) Density 0.96-1.006, Mean diameter (nm) = 43, source: liver, principal function: transport endogenous triglycerides b) Density <0.95, Mean diameter (nm) = 500, source: intestine, principal function: transport exogenous triglycerides c) Density 1.007-1.019. Mean diameter (nm) = 27, source: catabolism of VLDL, principal function: precursor of LDL d) Density 1.020-1.063. Mean diameter (nm) = 22. source: catabolism of VLDL via IDL, principal function: cholesterol transport to peripheral cells e) Density 1.064-1.210. Mean diameter (nm) = 8. source: liver. intestine and catabolism of CM and VLDL, principal function: reverse cholesterol transport 91) With regard to the biological variables of physiology, which of the following is an example of a test that varies greatly time of collection? a) Prolactin b) Cortisol c) Alkaline phosphatase d) Glucose e) Gonadal steroids 92) According to international standard, which type of collection tube is used for get whole blood sample for CBC? a) Gray tube (Sodium fluoride-oxalate) b) Red tube (No anticoagulant) c) Green tube (Lithium heparin) d) Blue tube (sodium citrate) e) Lavender tube (EDTA) 93) The following are the biological characteristics or functions of cholesterol, except one is: a) Important for energy storage b) Contained in dietary fats and can be synthesized by the liver c) Excreted in the bile in an intact form and can be metabolized into bile acids. d) As a precursor of steroid hormones and bile acids e) Important in cell membrane structure 94) Amongst the following acute metabolic complications of diabetes, which one is caused by type 1 diabetes mellitus? a) Ketoacidosis b) Neonate transient hypoglycemia c) Hyperosmolar coma d) Preeclampsia e) Hypergalactosemia 95) Insulin resistance combined with inability of beta cells to produce appropriate quantities of insulin is a characteristic or a cause of: a) Type 2 diabetes b) Secondary diabetes c) Impaired glucose tolerance test d) Gestational diabetes e) Type 1 diabetes 96) When they want a sample type of Serum for almost any biochemical test analysis and immunology, what color is the cover and label of the blood tube? a) Lavender tube (EDTA) b) Blue tube (sodium citrate) c) Gray tube (Sodium fluoride-oxalate) d) Green tube (Lithium heparin) e) Red tube (No anticoagulant) 97) When they want a sample type of Plasma for almost any biochemical test analysis and immunology, what color is the cover and label of the blood tube? a) Lavender tube (EDTA) b) Blue tube (sodium citrate) c) Gray tube (Sodium fluoride-oxalate) d) Green tube (Lithium heparin) e) Red tube (No anticoagulant) 98) When they want a sample for analysis of biochemicals tested as enzyme, calcium electrolyte. In case of emergency what color is the cover and label of the blood tube? a) Lavender tube (EDTA) b) Blue tube (sodium citrate) c) Gray tube (Sodium fluoride-oxalate) d) Green tube (Lithium heparin) e) Red tube (No anticoagulant) 99) When they want a sample for analysis of glucose blood in case the sample is not analyzed immediately and stored for a long time. what color is the cover and label of the blood tube?  a) Lavender tube (EDTA) b) Blue tube (sodium citrate) c) Gray tube (Sodium fluoride-oxalate) d) Green tube (Lithium heparin) e) Red tube (No anticoagulant) 100) Which laboratory test used for screening and diagnosing GDM? a) Screening: OGTT-50g , Diagnosing: OGTT-75g b) Screening: OGTT-75g , Diagnosing: OGTT-50g c) Screening: OGTT-50g , Diagnosing: OGTT-100g d) Screening: OGTT-50g , Diagnosing: OGTT-50g e) Screening: OGTT-100g , Diagnosing: OGTT-75g

Clinical biochem 1

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