Survey population - The population from which information is obtained in a survey, Bias - Prejudice that distorts/affects the truth of research and is usually caused by the values/beliefs of a researcher, Random Sampling - A type of probability sampling in which the researcher randomly selects a subset of participants from a population, Generalisability - The extent to which the findings of a study can be applied to other situations., Sampling Frame - A list of members of the population from which the sample is chosen., Marxism - A theoretical analysis of society that sees conflict among the classes as the primary feature of society, Hawthorne/Observer Effect - Unintended effects of the researcher's presence on the response of the participants , Interpretivism - "Micro" approach to studying society, Structuralism - "Macro" approach to sociology that focuses on social institutions and how they shape human behavior, Micro approach - Stresses individual experience of social realities, their agency, and their identities, Macro approach - Stresses institutions and structures and how they shape human behavior, Positivism - Approach to studying society that emphasizes quantitative data, Quantitative data - Information in the form of numerical values, Qualitative data - Information captured in non-numerical form, usually as statements, Stratified sampling - Sampling in which participants are drawn from different groups (strata) within a population, Reliability - The ability of a measure or study to produce similar results when it is replicated, Validity - The extent to which a measure actually measures what it intends to measure, Secondary data - Already existing forms of data that have not been gathered by the researcher, interviewer bias - skewing in the way an interviewer asks questions as well as record or interpret answers from participants, longitudinal study - a study which tracks its participants over a period of time and measures their behavior at specific intervals,

IGCSE Sociology Chapters 1 Terms

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