the study of the origin, history, and structure of Earth, the categories of time into which Earth's history is usually divided by geologists and paleontologists: eons, eras, periods, epochs, The top rock layer and its fossils is the youngest and the bottom is the oldest. if the layers have not been disturbed, A break in the geologic record created when rock layers are eroded or when sediment is not deposited for a long period of time., a crack in the earth's crust, usually along a lithospheric plate boundary, any method of determining whether an event or object is older or younger than other events or objects, any method of measuring the age of an object or event in years, a fossil known to have lived in a particular geologic age that can be used to date the rock layer in which it is found, the process of measuring the absolute age of geologic material by measuring the concentrations of radioactive isotopes and their decay products, Fossils that provide patterns of evolutionary change from the early ancestors to modern life forms..

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