Programming language - A set of rules and reserved words (keywords) that can be used to tell a computer what are the operations to be done., Machine Language - The lowest level of language., Machine Language - Uses binary digits to represents data and instructions, Machine Language - 0 represents "off" and 1 represent "on", Machine Language - Doesn't require translator, Machine Language - Also know as First Generation of Programming Language, Machine Language - Advantage : The computer processes the instructions in machine language very quickly, Machine Language - Disadvantage : Programmers must have knowledge of the machine hardware and its configuration, Machine Language - Disadvantage : Programmer needs to remember a number of binary codes to write machine language programs., Assembly Language - Also know as Second Generation of Programming Language, Assembly Language - Also know as symbolic language, Assembly Language - Uses mnemonic codes - a symbol chosen to help user to remember, Assembly Language - Replace "0" and "1", Assembly Language - Example : ADD and SUM, Assembly Language - Need Assember to translate the program to machine language, Assembly Language - Advantage : It is easy for programmers to remember the alphanumeric codes than the binary codes, Assembly Language - Advantage : Debugging is very easier when compared to machine language, Assembly Language - Disadvantage : Machine dependents. Program written for one computer might not run in other computers with different hardware configuration, High Level Language - Also know as Third Generation of Programming Language, High Level Language - Also know as Fourth Generation of Programming Language, High Level Language - Also know as Fifth Generation of Programming Language, Third Generation of Programming Language - It is called a procedural language, Third Generation of Programming Language - Translation is done by compiler / interpreter, Third Generation of Programming Language - Example : C, C++, Fortran, COBOL and Basic, Third Generation of Programming Language - Advantage : Easier to learn and understand than a assembler language as instructions (statements) that resemble human language or the standard notation of mathematics, Third Generation of Programming Language - Advantage : Have less-rigid rules, forms, and syntaxes, so the potential for error is reduced., Third Generation of Programming Language - Disadvantage : Less efficient than assembler language programs and require a greater amount of computer time for translation into machine instructions, Fourth Generation of Programming Language - Program is written in English-like statements, Fourth Generation of Programming Language - It is short programming language where the operation needs a few lines instead of hundreds of line, Fourth Generation of Programming Language - Non-procedural language, Fourth Generation of Programming Language - Know as query language, which can be used to retrieve data from database, Fourth Generation of Programming Language - Example : FOCUS, LISP, SQL, QBE, Intellect, Fourth Generation of Programming Language - Advantage : Result-oriented where they emphasize on what instead of how., Fourth Generation of Programming Language - Advantage : It is simpler and easier, so programmers and non-programmers can use this language with minimum training., Fourth Generation of Programming Language - Disadvantage : Generally far less efficient during program execution that programs in high-level languages., Fifth Generation of Programming Language - A programming language that resembles human language., Fifth Generation of Programming Language - vKnown as knowledge-based language. Known as knowledge-based language. , Fifth Generation of Programming Language - Example : PROLOG, OPS5 and Mercury vKnown as knowledge-based language. Known as knowledge-based language. , Fifth Generation of Programming Language - Advantage : Programs are almost machine-independent. vTranslates human instructions into code (machine language) where a computer can understand. Translates human instructions into code (machine language) where a computer can understand. vKnown as knowledge-based language. Known as knowledge-based language. , Fifth Generation of Programming Language - Advantage : It is not necessary for the programmer to have knowledge about computer hardware. vTranslates human instructions into code (machine language) where a computer can understand. Translates human instructions into code (machine language) where a computer can understand. vKnown as knowledge-based language. Known as knowledge-based language. , Fifth Generation of Programming Language - Advantage : It is very easy to learn and write programs in high-levellanguages. vTranslates human instructions into code (machine language) where a computer can understand. Translates human instructions into code (machine language) where a computer can understand. vKnown as knowledge-based language. Known as knowledge-based language. , Fifth Generation of Programming Language - Disadvantage : Programs continue to get more complicated and the automated system is unable to sort through the design of an original algorithm. vTranslates human instructions into code (machine language) where a computer can understand. Translates human instructions into code (machine language) where a computer can understand. vKnown as knowledge-based language. Known as knowledge-based language. ,

Chapter 1 : 1.1 Describe the programming language

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