Grammar Translation - Reading and writing the major focus. Bi-lingual wordlists, dictionary study and memorisation. Accuracy focused. Grammar taught deductively. Use of L1 and translation. Dominated European language instruction from 18840s. to 1940s. Method for which there is no theory., Total Physical Response - Developed by Asher, psychology professor in the 70s. Items presented in the FL as orders, commands, instructions. Attempts to teach language through physical motor activity Lowering learner stress levels a key feature. Little spoken production in beginning; learners have primary role as listeners and performers., Silent Way - Devised by Gattegno, educational designer of reading and maths programmes. Makes use of gesture, mime, visual aids and Cuisenaire Rods used by the teacher to help learners talk. Teacher resists the temptation to model and re-model. Key principle is that 'teaching is subordinate to learning'., (De)Suggestopedia - Developed by Bulgarian psychiatrist, Lozanov, in the 70s. Makes uses of dialogue, situations and translation to present and practice language. The decoration, furniture, arrangement of the classroom, use of music and authoritative behaviour of teacher is key. It is suggested students can learn prodigious lists of vocabulary through this method., Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) / Communicative Approach (CA) - Contrasted with previous structuralist view of language and language learning. Developed from Wilkins' functional categorisation of language in 70s. Greatest influence on current practice. Focus on competency in use of language appropriate to settings, participants, style and purpose of exchange., Direct Method - Associated with people like Sauveur and Berlitz in late 1860s. Firm emphasis on speaking. Only target language used. Method includes drilling and practice of graded structures, focus on correct habits, lots of repetition. Grammar taught inductively. Progressively graded Q/A exchanges between teacher and student., Audiolingual Method - Term coined by Professor Brookes in 1964. Based on principles of behavioural psychology and structural linguistics. Language thought of a set of habits to be built up step-by-step through practice exercises or drills. Mechanical habit formation and avoidance of error key features. Speech primary objective, writing took secondary place., Natural Approach - Terrell, Spanish teacher in California, joined with Krashen, an applied linguist, in 1980s. Emphasises natural communication, tolerance of learner errors, informal acquisition of language rules, exposure to comprehensible input. Learners not required to say anything until ready (speaking readiness).. , Community Language Learning (CLL) - Developed by Curran, specialist in counselling and psychology professor in early 70s. Uses techniques developed in group counselling. Learning achieved collaboratively. Method uses translation, group work, recorded transcription. Students whisperingly negotiate meaning in relaxed group circle.,

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