Insertion - addition of a base in DNA , Substitution - swapping of a base in DNA, Deletion - removing a base in DNA, Frame-shift mutation - caused by insertions and deletion - changes the group of 3 bases that are read, Nonsense mutation - the amino acid changes for a stop codon and therefore protein synthesis stops and the protein is different/not functional, Missense mutation - a different amino acid is coded for, this could change the properties of the protein and therefore the phenotype, Silent mutation - the amino acid does not change, Gene Mutation - a permanent change in structure / arrangement of DNA, ATGC - Nitrogenous bases of DNA, Codon - 3 bases of mRNA, Anti-codon - 3 bases of tRNA, Sickle-cell Anemia - Caused by a missense mutation in the β-polypeptide chain of the hemoglobin B,

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