Permanence - Written language is permanent (permanent in paper), and therefore the reader has an opportunity to return again and again, Processing time - Most reading contexts allow readers to read at their own rate, Distance - The written word allows messages to be sent across two dimensions: physical and temporal., Ortography - In writing we have graphemes, punctuation, pictures or charts can help., Complexity - Writing and speech represent difWriting has longer clauses and more subordination. Readers have to extract meaning from the written code., Vocabulary - Written English utilizes a greater variety of lexical items, Formality - It refers to prescribed forms that certain written messages must adhere to,

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