1) A social position attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts. a) achieved status b) alienation c) anomie d) socialization e) ascribed status f) class system 2) The condition of being estranged or disassociated from the surrounding society a) bourgeoisie b) class consciousnessI c) closed system d) anomie e) alienation f) colonialism 3) Durkheim's term for the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective a) bourgeoisie b) colonialism c) anomie d) proletariat e) ascribed status f) achieved status 4) A social position "assigned" to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics a) ascribed status b) achieved status c) anomie d) proletariat e) bourgeoisie f) alienation 5) Karl Marx's term for the capitalist class, comprising the owners of the means of production a) anomie b) proletariat c) bourgeoisie d) ascribed status e) achieved status f) colonialism 6) An economic system in which the means of production are largely in private hands and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits. a) Capitalism b) Liberalism c) Communism d) Democracy e) Anarchy f) Socialism 7) Karl Marx's view, a subjective awareness held by members of a class regarding their common vested interests and need for collective political action to bring about social change a) class consciousness b) status consciousness c) power consciousness d) gender consciousness e) social cosnciousness f) false consciousness 8) A social ranking based primarily on economic position in which achieved characteristics can influence mobility. a) normative system b) status system c) capitalist system d) caste system e) social system f) class system 9) A sociological approach that assumes that social behavior is best understood in terms of conflict or tension between competing groups a) conflict perspective b) consensus perspective c) interactionist perspective d) pluralist perspective e) subcultural perspective f) functionalist perspective 10) A violation of criminal law for which formal penalties are applied by some governmental authority. a) crime b) deviance c) anomie d) false consciousness e) ideology f) hegemony 11) The totality of learned, socially transmitted behaviour a) culture b) identity c) socialisation d) arts e) crafts f) society 12) ehaviour that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society a) crime b) deviance c) anomie d) ideology e) hegemony f) false consciousness 13) A set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests. a) dramaturgical approach b) elite model c) ethnocentrism d) economic system e) false consciousness f) dominant ideology 14) A view of social interaction, popularized by Erving Goffman, under which people are examined as if they were theatrical performers. a) functionalism b) dramaturgical approach c) feminist approach d) consensus approach e) conflict approach f) New Right approach 15) The tendency to assume that one's culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others. a) ethnocentrism b) ethnography c) evolutionary theory d) experimental group e) exploitation theory f) false consciousness 16) A term used by Karl Marx to describe an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect its objective position a) false consciousness b) social contract c) social consensus d) social solidarity e) ideology f) hegemony 17) Social control carriedout by authorized agents, such as police officers, judges, school administrators, and employers a) expressive social control b) informal sanction control c) formal sanction control d) consensus social control e) informal social control f) formal social control 18) A sociological approach that emphasizes the way that parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability. a) Functionalist b) Marxist c) Feminist d) Postmodernist e) neo-Marxist f) Interactionist 19) Expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females. a) social class roles b) gender roles c) ethnicity roles d) identity roles e) sexist roles f) ageist roles 20) An invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity a) closed superstructure b) optical control c) cement underlay d) concrete patio e) glass ceiling f) fibre glass identity 21) Standards of behaviour that are deemed proper by society and are taught subtly in schools. a) uniforms b) phonics c) numeracy hour d) hidden curriculum e) pedagogic norms f) literacy hour 22) Salaries and wages a) income b) expenditure c) consumption d) wealth e) profit f) power 23) Social control carried out by people casually through such means as laughter, smiles, and ridicule. a) Informal social control b) formal social control c) Informal sanction control d) formal sanction control e) ideology f) hegemony 24) A sociological approach that generalizes about fundamental or everyday forms of social interaction. a) Marxist b) Functionalist c) Interactionist d) neo-Marxist e) Feminist f) Postmodernist 25) An approach to deviance that attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviants while others engaging in the same behaviour are not. a) labelling theory b) retribution theory c) limitation theory d) subcultural theory e) moral panic theory f) resistance theory 26) Max Weber's term for people's opportunities to provide themselves with material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable life experiences. a) social class b) life chances c) status position d) moral code e) career pathway f) educational success 27) A status that dominates others and thereby determines a person's general position within society. a) life chance b) master status c) ascribed status d) achieved status e) elite f) ruling class 28) A subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or power over their own lives than themembers of a dominant or majority group have over theirs. a) minority group b) majority group c) minimum group d) median group e) ruling group f) underclass 29) Established standards of behavior maintained by a society. a) values b) identity c) socialisation d) norms e) culture f) sanctions 30) A society in which men dominate family decision making. a) patriarchy b) matriarchy c) capitalism d) Polygyny e) liberalism f) Polyandry 31) Mutual respect between the various groups in a society for one another's cultures, which allows minorities to express their own cultures without experiencing prejudice. a) pluralism b) interactionism c) postmodernism d) interventionism e) ethography f) ethnocentrism 32) A technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods and media images. a) industrial society b) modern society c) postmodern society d) democratic society e) liberal society f) rural society 33) Karl Marx's term for the working class in a capitalist society a) Proletariat b) Bourgeoisie c) Precariat d) underclass e) middle-class f) white-collar 34) An economic system in which the means of production are largely in private hands and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits. a) Capitalism b) Communism c) Liberalism d) Democracy e) Kleptocracy f) Anarchist 35) The conscious feeling of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities. a) moral deprivation b) social deprivaion c) cultural deprivation d) absolute deprivation e) relative deprivation f) material deprivation 36) Rituals marking the symbolic transition from one social position to another. a) rites of passage b) maturity bridge c) tokenism d) graduation e) teenage completion f) adult arrival 37) Penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm. a) punishments b) sanctions c) penalities d) isolation e) conduct f) ethics 38) According to George Herbert Mead, the sum total of people's conscious perceptions of their own identity as distinct from others a) self b) id c) super ego d) latent ego e) role f) norm 39) The tendency of people to respond to and act on the basis of stereotypes, leading to validation of false definitions. a) ascribed status b) role model c) socialisation d) self-fulfilling prophecy e) master status f) labelled identity 40) The process whereby people learn the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate for individuals as members of a particular culture. a) norms b) socialisation c) identity d) value e) culture f) anomie 41) A term used by sociologists to refer to any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group or society. a) anomie b) status c) identity d) role e) self f) id 42) Unreliable generalizations about all members of a group that do not recognize individual differences within the group. a) middle-class b) ruling-class c) prestige individuals d) role models e) stereotypes f) status groups 43) A structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in a society. a) stratification b) layers c) hierarchy d) social classes e) status hierarchy f) master status 44) A segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values that differs from the pattern of the larger society. a) nation b) society c) community d) subculture e) culture f) group 45) Long-term poor people who lack training and skills. a) underclass b) working-class c) ruling class d) middle-class e) white-collar class f) precariat 46) Collective conceptions ofwhat is considered good, desirable, and proper-or bad, undesirable, and improper-in a culture a) norms b) identity c) roles d) self e) values f) morals

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