Ciliated cells:These cells line your ____ and ____ in your airways . They’re also found in the ____ in the uterus Cilliated cell have : 1. ____ 2. ____ Goblet cells secrete ____, trapping unwanted things like ____ and ____ Then come in the ciliated epithelium cells. These cells have ____ structures that emerge from one side of the cell. These hair-like structures, known as ____, move back and forth simultaneously, like a ____ essentially ____ the mucus up and out of the respiratory tract into our ____, where we can ____ it into our ____. Anything dangerous is then killed by the concentrated ____ in our stomach. Root hair cells:These cells are found in ____. They are found in the ____ in plant roots. Root hair cells have ____, which increases their ____. Greater surface area means more area for the ____, thus increasing the ____. Palisade mesophyll cells:The tall, cuboidal layer of cells near the top is the ____. These cells carry out most of the ____ in a leaf, which is why they are so close to the top. Palisade mesophyll also have lots of ____, allowing them to increase their ____ They also have small, precise spaces between them to allow ____ to ____ (for photosynthesis) and are ____ as they are so that more cells are exposed to ____, allowing more photosynthesis to occur. The regular shape of the cells allows more cells to be packed together, so more cells have sunlight exposure, again increasing the rate of photosynthesis. Red blood cells: Red blood cells or RBCs are found in ____. They contain millions of ____ the pigment that makes them ____. Haemoglobin is a protein structure that contains ____ (haem means iron), and oxygen binds to this iron. ____ can carry up to ____ molecules of ____. This makes RBCs very good at ____ RBCs are very small (about 7 μm in diameter – that’s seven-thousandths of a millimetre), allowing them to travel in the smallest ____ so that they can be brought as close to ____ as possible. RBCs also have a ‘biconcave disc shape’ – that’s the shape shown in the diagram. It means they have ____, except it dips inwards on both sides, increasing the ____ of the cell, allowing oxygen to ____ They can also be ‘squished’ slightly (I think the proper way to say this is ‘they can be slightly elastically deformed’) to travel through capillaries more easily. Egg cells/ Ovum:The ovum is a ____ cell. Its job is to ____ with a male sex cell to form a ____ that will eventually develop into a ____. Note: sex cells are also known as ____. Ova (the plural of ovum) are produced by the plants, animals, fungi and protists that ____. E.g. in humans, the sex cells are ova and sperm, and in flowering plants, the sex cells are ova and pollen. Fun fact: the ovum is the ____ – it’s the only one you can see with your naked eye and is about the same size as the full stop at the end of this sentence. The main thing that makes it so big is the ____ of padding it has, all to protect the information contained in the nucleus – the ____. Sperm cells are the ____cells in humans. During sexual intercourse, they are ____, in a solution called ____, into the ____. From there, they must swim all the way through the ____, through the ____, and into the ____, where the ____ should be ____. This is a pretty long distance for such a small cell, so it requires a number of adaptations to fulfil its role in fertilising an ovum: • It has ____, which contains a haploid number of DNA, to ____ to the zygote upon fertilisation. • It has ____ (scientifically known as the ____), to help it swim to the egg cell. Its tail helps it swim by ____ it forward using a whipping motion. • The sperm also has a ____ (an organelle that produces energy for its cell, the plural is mitochondria). The spiral shape gives it a large surface area to produce more energy, and its size allows it to produce more energy. • It has a vesicle containing ____ in its head – these are ____ that will help the sperm ____ its way through the jelly coat on the egg. Calculate the magnification and size of biological specimens using millimetres as units.I = AM This is the formula connecting magnification, image size, and actual size. In words, it is Image size = Actual size x ____ That means M = I/A Magnification = ____ / ____

B2.1 Cell Structure

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