Causes: Surplus of cheap agricultural labour, New techniques and technologies in agriculture, Many people left the countryside , Enclosure of land, Limited sources of power, Consequences: Growth in industrial productivity, New middle class of skilled workers, Reduction of costs, Rapidly spread throughout all Europe, Innovations: New ways of excavating coal, New materials were introduced: coal, mineral, New sources of energy: fire, water, and steam, Introduction of the steam engine,

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